Thim Ning Cang Aphunphun

Thimnak timi cu democracy ram lawng si lo in ditactorship in aa hruaimi ram zong ah a ummi a si. Ramkhel lawng ah si loin, phu,tbk,.. zong ah a ummi a si. Election timi cu a tlakbikmi hmun ca ah aherhmi kha thim tinak a si I, Electoral system timi cu Lai holh in thimning cang tinak kha a si; Thim ningcang ningin thimnak ah a lutmi (candidate or parties) nih zuamnak an ngei. Atang i, ka langhtermi ca hi William Robert Clark, Matt Colder  le Sona Nadenic Colder nih te rual nih an tialmi “Principle of Comparative Politics chung I, Chapter 13nak zawn i “ Election and Electoral System” timi chung i, ka duhnak zawn tete kha an si lai.

Vawleicung ah Thim Ningcang Phun thum a um; Majoriatarian thimning, Proportioanal thimning and Mixed thimning ti’n an si

Majoritarian Thimning?Majoritarian Thimning chung ah thim phun, phun  8 a um. Majoritarian thimnak ahcun a buaktlak in vote tambik a cotu kha thim an si. Phun 8 hna cu; Single member district plurality system, Alternative Vote, Two round System, Supplementary Vote, Block Vote, Party Block Vote, Single nontranserable vote le Borda vote hna hi an si.
– Majoritarian thimning in thim hmun hmunkhat i thimning ka hun langhter hmasa lai.
Single Member Distrcit Plurality System ahcun vote tambik a hmumi kha teinak cohlan a si. Thimnak aa cuhmi zakhat chung ah a tambik a hmumi kha cohlan a si ko. A simple bik a si.

Alternative Thimning timi cu thimtu nih an thimmi a changchang in pakhatnak, pahnihnak le pathumnak tbk,.. in an tial. Candidate nih thim hmun teinak fung 10 chung in vote (majority vote) thimfung 50 leng  hei ti ko sih, a hmuh ahcun direct in thim colh a si. Sihmansehlaw, ho candidates hmanh nih 50 (MV) an hmuh lo ahcun candidate chung vote tlawmbik ahmutu kha an hnon i, a vote kha number 2 in an rel (An hnonmi cu voter nih number 1 ah an thimmi a si) tthan.Cu ti cun, Majority vote a hmutu candidate a chuah hlan lo vote cu reallocated lengmang a si.

(Mah thim ningcang hi Queensland, Australia ah 1893 kum ah an rak i thimnak in, duhsah te in Australia nih a penmi ram thawk in ahun karh.Mah hi phung ah abiapi mi cu thimfung thla nih thimfung a thlak tikah achangcang in a tialmi kha biapi. Number 1 a tialmi kha a duhbik tinak a si i, number hnu bik i a tialmi kha  athimmi chung ah a duh lobik ti khawh a si.

A tuanbia tawi; 1990 New South Wales, Australia ah thimnak an rak tuah i, thimfung a tambik cu Charles Blunt (40.9%) nih arak hmuh nain tam na hmu ai tiah, an rak thim colh lo. Aruang cu MV vote timi 50nak tam deuh vote a rak hmuh lo ca ah a si. Cucaah, vote tlawmbik a hmumi candidate (Gavin Baillie) kha an hnon i, a vote cu number 2 thawk in an rel tthan Paterson nih 480vote a hun chap ( Voikhatnak ah 445 votes). Nain candidate  MV (zatuak 50 leng) a hmu an um tthiam lo ca ah a vote tlawmbik candidate (Dudley Leggett) cu an hnawn i, a vote cu number 2 in an rel tthan. Cu tik cun, ahnu bik Neville Newell nih MV (zatuak 50 leng) a hmuh tiang an rak tuah. A sullam cu Alternative Vote system ahcun Majority vote  hmuh hlan lo thim kha a si.
Mah thimning a thatnak cu 1. Minung pakhat lawng thim a si ca ah thimnak hmun kongkau hi hodah tuanvo a ngei timi a fianter colhmi kha a si. 2, Voihnih vote (number two ranking vote) in checkmi a si ca ah vote tambik a cotu pa kha mipi nih an duh thiamthiammi a si ti fian khawh a si. 3, thimfung thlakmi kha alo thlau lo. Pakhatnak an thlakmi thim a si lo hmanh pahnihnak kha thim tthiamtthiam a si ca ah a si.

Two- Round Systems?
Two round system thim ningcang ahcun candidate or parties nih vote tam lak te, thlau tuk in (Specified level of vote) a hmumi kha thim a si. Sihmansehlaw, cu ti a hmuh lo ahcun voihnihnak thimnak (voikhatnak a dih hnu zarhkhat or zarhhnih ah an tuah theo) i, vote tambik hmumi kha thim a si. Atlangpi  in TRS cu phun hnih tthen a si: Majority Runoff-two round system le Majority plurality two round system tin thlen an si.

Majority-Runoff two- round system cu zeidah a si?
Candidate, zatuak 50 leng ahmumi cu voikhatnak ah thim colh a si nain a hmumi an um lo ahcun a cungbik (voi tambik pahnih) kha zarhhnih a rauh hnu ah thimfung an thlak tthan hna. I, thimfung tambik hmutu kha thim a si.

Hi thimning cu President thim tikah hman deuh a si. France. Mali, le Latin America ram hna ah an hman bik.

Majority- Plurality two-round system?
Zatuak 50 leng thimfung ahmumi cu direct in voikhatnak ah thim a si nain zatuak 50 leng a hmumi an um lo sual ahcun voihnihnak thimfung an thla tthan. Voihnihnak thimfung bal hi candidate dihlak kha thlak a si nain thim tikah vote tambik a hmumi kha thim a si.

2007, France parliament thimnak ah mah phung an rak hman. Voikhatnak round ah teitu a chuah lo ca ah voihnih tiang an rak tuah nain a voihnihnak cu vote 12.5percent in a cunglei a hmumi candidates lawng an zuamter hna ca ah round hnihnak aa zuammi cu minung pahnih lawng an si I, Herve Mariton timi nih round hnihnak ah vote tambik (52.6%) arak hmuh ca ah thim colh a rak si

A thatnak,
1. SMDP nakin thimfung thlatu ca ah a tha deuh. SMDP ahcun vote an thlak sualmi kha remh a ngah ti lo nain TRS ahcun a voihnihnak ah remh khawh a si. 2, Voi hnih  tiang duh thimnak an ngei.

Achiatnak cu election voihhnihnak an tuah ca ah ahlei in phaisa a dih. 2, TRSs nih thutdan buaktlak in a coter thiam lo 3, TRSs nih mi tlawmte (minority or small parties) duh thimnak thazaang a der ter.

Majoritarian electoral system in Multimember Districts
– Multimember District\

Single Nontransferable vote (SNTV) timi cu thimnak hmun hnih ah SMDP thimning bantuk in thimfung tambik a hmumi kha thim a si. SMDP he an i dannak cu thimnak hmun hi hmu khat lawng a si lo bantuk in party pakhat chung in candidate pakhat lawng nih thimnak ah aa zuam lo. Amak ngaimi cu thimfung kong ah thimnak teitu ding nih vote hi zat ngah sehlaw a tei lai ti hi tuak dam khawh a si. Biana ah Candidate A nih 1/ (n+1) vote a hmuh ahcun adang candidate nakin vote a dam deuh ahmuh ti a si cang ca ah teitu a si hnga. Thutdan 4 hmuhding ah candidate pakhat nih thimnak hmunhma in vote 20% tam deuh a hmuh cun teitu a si cang tinak kha asi hnga.. ( Vote tampi hmuh hau lo in ri an kiahmi zat hmuh ahcun teinak hmuh khawh a si)

Mah hi thimning cu Japan nih 1994 hlan tiang le Taiwan nih 2005 tiang arak hman. Atu I ahmangmi ram cu Afghanistan, Jordan le Vanuatu an si.
SNTV i a tthatnak cu party hme le mi tlawm (Minority) ca ah hlawknak a pek. A sullam cu mitlawm te party hme nih thimmi teinak an hmu kho ve tinak a si.
Achiatnak cu SNTV nih party thazaang a der ter. Cu lengah, party pakhat in hmunkhat ah candidate pakhat lawng an ngei lo ca ah lungkhahnak a tlawm I, nang phu kei phu tinak a hun karh.
Biana ah, 2005 Afghan thimnak President Hamid Karzai nih a rak tuah lio ah arak timi cu

“Candidate nih a party min langhter hlah seh” ti a rak si ca ah rammi tampi cu an rak vaivuan. Candidate 400 leng an chuak. Cheuthum chung I cheu hnih  vote cu hlon arak si. Ahnubik a phi chuak cu cozah serding ah party pakhat nih an policy a pommi anmah chungtel tlinglak an ngei kho lo.

Block Vote and  Party Block Vote

Block Vote hi SNTV he tam lak te aa khat. Vote tambik ahmutu kha thim a si ko nain SNTV he aa dannak deuhnak cu voter nih candidate pakhat kha vote tambik or tlawmte (an duhchung in) in an pek khawh. Mah hi thimning cang cu UK nih 1950 tiang an rak hman I, Wales ram le England hrawng ah nihin tiang an hman rihmi a si. Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Mauritius, Syria le Tonga ram hna nih an hman liomi thim ning cang a si.
A derthawmnak pakhat cu BV nih i khah lonak (disproportional ) outcomes a chuakter tuk. Biana ah, voter nih an vote hi party pakhat i an duhmi candidate ca ah an cheu tikah party pakhat lawng hna nih tam lak thlau in teinak hmuh khawh a si.

Party Block Vote (PBV) cu thimnak hmunhma tam ah a ummi a si i, BV he tampi aa lo nain an i dannak cu PVB ahcun voter nih vote pakhat lawng a ngei. Vote tambik ahmutu kha teinak a hmu.

Hi thimning nih hin diproportional outcomes a chuahter ve ca ah minority le party hme ca ahcun a ttha lo ngai. Party pakhat nih ceilak in tei khawh a si; 1991, Singapore ah 95-98 percentage in People’s Action party nih teinak a rak hmuh.

Ka langhter lomi pahnih a um rih
__

Proportion Electoral Systems

PES timi cu zatuak vote hmuhning hoih in thutdan co kha a sawh duhmi a si. Biana ah Party pakhat nih thimnak hmun ah 10% vote a hmuh ahcun thutdan 10% a hmuh ve tinak a si. PES cu thimnak hmun pakhat leng a sinak le thim tikah phawt le zam in lairelmi thimning a si. PR nih hin thimnak ah zatuak i khahnak (proportional outcomes) tampi a chuahter. PR system a tthat khunnak cu mi tlawmte le ram pumpi biaknak a si lomi sin in thimmi an chuak kho tawn ca ah a si. Tikah, cozah ser tikah coalition government a si tawn. Party hmemi nih teinak an hmuh tawn ve ca ah cozah ser tikah party ngan nih party hme kha a herh ve tawn hna.

Eletoral Formulas: Quotas and Divisors

PR system poh nih teitu hngalh khawhnak dingah phawt zamh theory a hman.
Q(n) = V_d/ M_d+n

(V_d cu thim hmun i vote vialte, M_d cu thim hmun i thutnak vialte, n cu thil hngalh khawhnak ah hmanmi (The modifier of the            quota) a si.
(N cu a number hi aa thleng lengmang; Hare (0), Hagenbach- Bischoff (1), Reinforced Imperial ah (3) le Droop ahcun HB plus (1 (Aa thleng kho) +1.

Example ah,

Thim hmun ah vote 100,000 a um hnga i thutdan 10 a um hnga. Cucu

Hare ning in kan tuak ahcun; 100,000/ 10+0 = 10,000. A sullam cu minung pakhat nih vote 10,000 an hmuh cun teinak an hmuh tinak a si.
Hagenbach- Bischoff ning in tuak ahcun 100,000/10+1= 9,0909.0 vote. Mah zah vote a hmumi poh teinak an hmuh lai tinak a si.

# Paty kip cio nih percentage an tlin lo ahcun zatuak vote a hmumi zat in zoh tthan a si.

District Magnitude and  Higher Eletoral Tiers timi cu district hi proportional ca ah a biapi tuk. A ngan ahcun proportion a chuah ter nain ahmet ahcun a chuak ter lo/

Electoral Thresholds timi cu ram pakhat or thimnak hmun pakhat nih thimfung zatuak ri khiahnak a si. (Vote mah zat a hmuh ahcun thim a si lai tbk ri kiah khi a si). Nature Thresholds timi cu kanan in a phi chuak tuak kha a si. Formal Thresholds timi cu electoral laws ah thimning ca tha tein tial kha a si.

– Party Phun
Party Then : Party then hi candidate i phawt zamhnak ah a biapi. Party cu phun thum in then a si.

Closed party: Candidate cu party nih a thim. Mipi (Party chungtel lo) vote san a tlai lo.
Open List Party: Mipi (party chungtel)   nih party chung i an duhmi kha an hmuh sak khawh  bantuk in candidates an duhmi zong an langhter khawh. Party member le aleng mipi nih aiawhtu candidate kha an thim.
Free party list:Voters nih vote tampi thlak khawh a si.

Mixed Electoral Systems

Independent Mixed electoral systems ahcun ram pakhat thimnak ah thimning phun hnih kha a dang te in an hman. Legislative ah majoritarian thimning an hman ahcun consituency ah proportioanal thimning tbk,…!

Depedent Mixed Electoral System ahcun Proportional in thimnak tuah i, majoritarian ning in thutdan phawt.

Mah vial si rih seh,

Mahi ca cu, 

William Roberts Clark, Golder le Sona Golder, Principle of Comparative Politics, i "Election and electoral system" kha ka thiamnak in ka leh. Ka tial hnawhchan cu ka tialmi hi a si tak le tak lo ka kherhhlai pi in ka ruah ulaw timi duhsahnak in a si.

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Tuluk Ramkhel Cahmai (BC 3000- AD 1992)

Atang ca hna cu Tuluk ram sersiamnak ah key a simi tete thim in tialmi a si.

Ca 1700- 1046BC- Shang Dynasty uknak aa thawk. North Central China lei kap in arak I thawk.

1045-ca – 770BC- Zhou dynasty nih Shang pennak cu Chaklei Tuluk lei ah a nam khawh.

Ca 770BC- Zhou State cu aa cheu. Ramchung ral ruang ah aa cheu.

Ram Dirhmun le Tuluk

221- 206 BC :Ying Zheng timi Qin siangpahrang nih Tuluk ram i, hmun tampi cu a hui khawh ca ah amah cu emperor ahmasabik a tuahtu siangpahrang tiah ti a si. Quin Shihuangdi nih hin first Great wall of China a rak sak. Nain, a thih bak in a pennak a dih ca ah athil tuahmi arak dih lo. Cun, Liu Bang timi nih han Dynasty a ser.

206BC- 220AD: Han Dynasty nih Tuluk ram vialte a hum khawh hna ca ah amah chan cu “Golden age” tiah an phuah. Chawlehnak leng ah an thangcho, Confusianism cozah nih a tanpi. Buddhism biaknak a phan.

618- 907 Tang Dynasty nih 3 centuries tluk a hruai. Mah Tang dynasty hi Han Dynasty hnu in a chan a suabik a si.

960- 1279 Song Dynasty chan ah Tuluk cu Tang chan tluk in arak thawng ti lo. Tuluk nunphung, ca, le ruahnak kha tampi a thanter nain ramkhel le ralkap lei a tha a zor deuh. Neo-Confucianism timi kha State ideology ah arak chuak.

Mongul pennak

1271- 1368  Mongols nih China cu a tei ca ah amah pennak “Yuan Dynasty” cu Kublai Khan nih a ser. Marco Polo le nitlak lei rammi hna nih Tuluk rammi tambik an umnak le a khuapibik Beijing cu an rak lengmang.

1368- Ming Dynasty nih Mongols Dynasty cu a thawl, a tei.Cintlak lei in chawlet chawhrawl a thawk. Bureaucracy le ralkap in a ram cu a tuam. Nihin i kan hmuhmi Great Wall cu lim a si.

1644:  Manchu Qing Dynasty nih Ming pennak cu a hrawh. Tuluk pennak cu Zenith tiang arak phan. Xinjiang (Turkestan) tiang a hun kau.

19^th Century: Qing Dynasty thawnnak a dong hliahmah, Western power nih Tuluk cu a tuai tam. Regional warlords kha cozah lai ah ser a si cio.

1899- 1901 – “Boxer Rebellion” timi a chuak. Chaklei Tuluk lei in Qing pennak nganter duhnak a ngan ca ah ramdangmi dawi le ramdang nawl ngeihnak hrawh kha an i zuam. Cu ti an i zuamnak cu Japan le Russia nih an si khawh chung in an rak hrawh.

The Republic Chan

1911-12 : Ralkap buainak a chuak. Sun Yat sen timi mifim Doctor nih Republic of China cu a hruai. Wing Emperor a dih. 

1921 Comunist party Mao Zedong te rual nih an dirh.

1925: Sun Yat Sen a thih ca ah Chiang Kai shek nih a chan. Communist thio a zalh hna. Kuamintang cu an ram hruaitu party ah a hman.

1931-45 Japan nih Tuluk vawlei a lak duahmah.

1934- 35 Mao Zedong cu Communist hruaitu lu ban ah a hung chuak.

1937: Kuamitang le Communist an i fonh, i Japan an do. World war II a dih hnu Japan a sung.  

Communist Victory

1949- 1 October – Mao Zedong nih kum 20 chung hnahnawk in a ummi ramchung ral chung a tei. Nationalists timi pawl cu a dawi hna i, People’s Republic of China a dirh. Nationalist’s pawl cu Taiwan timi tikulh ah cozah thar an dirh. Cucu atu i Taiwan khi a si.

1950 October: Tuluk nih People’s Liberation Army (PLA) ralkap bu cu Tibet ram ah an pennak thawnter peng ding an kuat.

1958: Mao nih “Great Leap Forward” timi kum 5 ca economic plan a rak ser. Lothlo hna kha a fonh hna i, labor intensive industry kha introduce a tuah. Kum 2 chung ah Tuluk sipuazi cei lak a rawk. Hi bantuk a thil tuahmi ruang ah mi thawng tampi an rak thi (morethan 3 million in 3 years)

1959: Chinese force nih Tibet ram cu an duh poh uk le hrem an zalh. (suppress large-scale)

1962- Himalayan ramri ruang ah India he I rem lonak a chuak.l

1966- 76 “Cultural Revolution” chan an ti. Mao’s nih kum hra chung a pen hna lio ah dothlen duhnak lungthin mi tampi lungchung ah a rak um. Afoinak in bawi le sal timi bantuk bawi le mi sawhsawh i dan tuknak kha an dohmi cu a si. Cucu revolution cu Mao a thih tiang a dih lo nan Deng nih a daihter ti khawh a si.)

1972 US President Richard Nixon nih Tuluk arak tlawn. Ram pahnih karlak pehtlaihnak ngeihding bia an tiam.

1976 Mao’s a thi. Gang of four (Mao a nupi le a hawile minung pathum; Culture revolution lio i min ngei pathum) zong thong tlak an si. 1977 ah Deng Xiaoping cu a hung chuak. Amah chan ah Tuluk chawlet chawhrawl a lu a hun I tung deuh (reform).

1979: US he pehtlainak an hun ngei. An rammi an tam tuk ca ah a cozah nih one child-policy a hun ser.

1986- 90 : Tuluk nih “Open- door policy” in ramdang pawl kha an ram ah rian ttuanding a sawm.

1989: Ralkap buu nih Tiananmen Square ah duh lonak a langhtermi arak kah hna. singngakchia 200 hrawng an thi, an ti. Hi ruang ah ramdang in mawhchiatnak a hung chuak.

1989- Communist Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang Tiananmen duh lonak langhternak ah martial law a chuah duh lotu cu Jiang Zemin nih areng a hun chan.

Stockmarkets cu Shanghai le Shenzehn ah an on.

1992- Russia he pehtlaihnak ngeihding hnatlaknak an tuah. IMF ( International Monetary Fund) nih China economy cu a nganbik pathumnak reng ah a chiah. Cucu US le Japan dih in a si.

.................

Ref:

1. Kenneth Lieberthal, Ref: Govering China from revolution through reform.
2. China Today and China Tomorrow
3. Derek Mc Doungal, Asia Pacific and World Politics

4. China Timeline, BBC (English)
5. China Today

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"Understanding Japan Politics - I"

I. Nihin Japan A Semnak Tuanbia

Japan nih alak hmasabik ram cu Tuluk ram a si. Cucu atu i Taiwan khi a si. Taiwan cu hlan ahcun Tuluk ram chung ah a rak um i, Communist le Nationlist an i then hnu ah Nationlist pawl, Chaing Kai Shek hruaimi buu nih 1945 ah an rol-nak in a chuakmi a si. 1884-85 ah Japan nih arak lak cu a si. Cucu Tuluk ram he i dohnak cu mirang holh in Sino- Japanese war an ti. Hi lio caan hi Tuluk ram a buai tuk lio arak si. Tuluk siangpahrang a hnubik Qing dynasty chan kha a si. Ram a um tu ning ah (Map um dan kha zoh chih), Japan nih Tuluk a zuam cawh zungzal. A ngan ca ah hmailei ahcun timi a ruah i a zenh ca ah a si, tiah a timi zong an um. Cun, Russia nih Japan cawlcanghnak hi athin arak phang lengmang ve. Japan nih China a lak cun next cu Russia a si khawh ca ah a si. Cu ruang ah, Japan nih a ram kauh a zalh. Meiji timi dictator chan ahhin an zual. Meiji cu 1912 ah arak thi nain, a thi hlan ah Taiwan le Korea ram a lak manh. Korea an lak dan bal hi meithal puah lo in kum saupi an huap hnu ah an lakmi a si. 1910 ah an lak i, an uk cu a si. Hi hlan ahhin Korea ram ah Japan nih control tampi an rak tuah ko nain Korea King a rak um rih. 1910 ah an lak kan timi cu Korea uknak kha an hrawh i, anmah duhmi phung in an uk hna kha a si. Mirang holh in 1910 hlan Japan nih Korea a influence ngai lio caan cu "Japanese protectorate" an ti_ Mr. Sunshine korea drama ah a tling te in zoh khawh a si. A sullam cu Japan nh kilven le zohkhenhmi ram tinak a si. Russia he zong  1904-1905 ah an rak i tu, mirang in Russo- Japanese war an ti. 

Japan nih 1902 ah Britain he hawikomnak a tuah i, WW I a luhmi zoh tikah Tuluk cheu a duh ca ah a si timi ruahnak a um. Aruang cu Britain nih 19 century dongh lei ah Hongkong cu Tuluk sin in a lak. Japan nih Tuluk cu 1931 ah a thuat tthan i, Tuluk ram i, Manchuria ram a lak, an min in Manchuko tiah  an sak i, uknak thar he an pen. 1931 i Japan ram nih Tuluk a doh cu nitlak lei  (Germany te pawl) an buaimi kha amiak aa lak i a si, a timi zong an um ve. WW II ahcun Germany hawi a si cang cu mu.  Khat lei ah, Guamintang le Communist buainak cu Tuluk ramchung ah a um. German ral nih Britain pawl hna a hnawh hna lio zong a rak si ve cu mu. 1937 i Japan nih Tuluk a doh i, a lak duahmah tikah Tuluk ram i, aa ral bakmi Guamintang le Communist cu pakhat ah an i fun. An i funning cu Chiang Kai Shek kha an leirawi i, an tlaih. Cucu a tlaitu cu Japan nih Manchuria an lak lio i, an thahmi landlord  Zhang Zuolin fapa  Zhang Xueliang  a si.  Xian timi khua ah an rak tlaih hi arak si. Communist hruaitu pahnihnak Zhou Enlai cu cukaa hmun ahcun arak ra i, Japan doh tti ding cu Chiang Kai Shek a chimh. Hi lio i, Chiang dirhmun cu "No" a ti ahcun thahding kha a si. "Yes" a ti ca ah an doh tti. Tuluk cu Japan nih tamlak a lak cang hna. 1941  December 7 i Japan nih US, Hawai ram  Pearl Harbor bomb a va tlakmi result, US nih a leh rulh tik 1945 August hlan tiang ahhin Japan hi Asia ram ah an rak thawng tuk rih, ti a si. Kan  hngalh bantuk in, Myanmar ram tiang an lak cu mu.

US nih atomic bomb in Nagasaki le Hiroshima a den ruang ah Japan cu an sung ti zong in ti khawh a si. US nih 1945 in 1951 tiang a pen.  US nih Japan zohkhenhtu ah Genereal Douglas McArthur kha  rian  an khinh.  US nih Japan a pen dan bal hi British le France te pawl nih an teimi ram an pen hna bantuk arak si lo. US nih Korea ( ahnu S.Korea) le Philippines a zohkhenh dan bantuk kha a si. An ram i ramkhel sining thlen kha an rak i zuammi bal a si tiah a foinak in cun chimh khawh a si. Zeicatiah, nihin i Japan phunghram khi 1946 ah ser i, 1947 ah hmanmi a si.  1951 a phak tikah Japan cu US he aa dawmi ram a hung si. Japan cu rakap thazaang ca ah (pensen tel chih) in an ram  GDP i, 1%  lonh lo ding ri an rak kiahpiak.

LDP - party nih 1955 in 1993 tiang an hruai. Party pakhat lawng nih a ukmi/hruaimi cozah arak si ca ah nihin Tuluk bantuk in dictator an si, arak timi zong an rak um ve nain, US ruang ah 1951 hin cun democracy ram an si cang ti cu an cawlcangh ning zoh ah a lang.  Atawinak in Japan cu nihin bantuk in Tuluk a thawng hlan (1978, China Reform an tuah hlan) ahcun Asia ram ah a thangchobik number 1 a si. Nihin ahcun Tuluk sipuazi a tthan tuk ruang ah Japan cu Asia i, pahnihnak ti khawh a si. Vawleicung power ngeihbik pathum cu US, China, Russia a si. Japan hi pa 6nak a si chel pa 7nak asi chel a si. Japan cu G7 ram chungtel a si.  Cucaah, US nih  China nih a lonh lonak hnga ca ah Japan hi aherh tukmi ram pakhat a si. 

Hihi tiang hi an tuanbia cu siseh,a sau tuk sual lai.

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II. Nihin Japan ram hruaining

Political System: Parliamentary democracy le constitutional monarchy in an i hruai.

Phunghram: Nihin an hmanmi phunghram cu 1945 ah an ser i, 1947 ah an fehtermi a si.

Cozah a um dan: State hme tete 47 kha an fonh i, anmah le umnak holh in "prefectures__ A pengpeng in thenmi uknak hmunhma" an ser. Khualipi, khuapi, khuate ti'n a dot dot in an chiah.

Executive: Upadi tuahmi buu (Legislature) nih Prime Minister an thim. Prime minister nih a cozah sernak ca ah ministers 20 a thim.

Legislature: Hluttaw inn pahnih a um. Upper House (House of Councilors) le Lower House ( House of Representatives) an ti. Upper House cu member 242 in kum 6 ca ah an thim hna. Zatuak i, acheu cu kum 3 ca thim an si. Chungtal 146 cu "prefectures" a kauh hoih in hmunkhat ah pa 2 khan in an thim hna. Chungtel 96 cu party aiawh rate (method )in thim a si. Lower House ahcun chungtal 480 an um i, kum 4 ca thim an si.  Chungtel 100 cu mee hmun in single-seat in thimmi kha an si (Pakhat). Cun, Chungtal 180 cu party hoih in aiawh ah thimmi an si (hmunhma 11 ca).

Judiciary ( Biaceih tu komh buu) : Supreme Court i biaceihtu 15 ca ah cozah nih a chuahpi.  Biaceihtu bawibik cu cozah a tlaimi nih an thim i, siangpahrang nih a cohlanmi a si ahau. Kum 70 tlin hlan tiang lawng tuan khawh a si.

Paty system: Liberal Democratic party nih 1955 in 1993 tiang a hruai ca ah one-party dominant a si. Parties dang hna cu Democratic Party of Japan, Clean Government Party, Social Democratic Party le Japan Communist Party.

___________________

Economic kong, power kong le an rammi kong kan peh tthan te lai.

Ref: 
1. Derek Mc Dougall, Asia pacific and world politics (1st Edition), Chapter 4
    - Japan Historian Experience (page 75- 78)
2. Kenneth Lieberthal,  Governing China from Revolution Through Reform,
    - Chapter -I The Guamintang. P 36- 38.
3. Mark Kesselman. Joel Krieger le William A. Joseph, Introduction Comparative Politics, Chapter 5
4.Japan Guide, Japan Timeline ( https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2126.html)
5. BBC News, China Profiles- Timeline (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15219730)

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S.Korea Ramkhel Cahmai (1945 - 2019)

"S.Korea ramkhel cahmai"

Ram Umnak: Asia
A kauh: 100,363 km2
Milu: 51,164,435
GDP: $ 2.138trillion (total), $ 41,388 (per capita)_ 2018 estimate.
Khuapi: Seoul
Ram Holh: Korean Holh (Hangul)
Ethnic groups: Korea ( Miphun dang an um lo).
Biaknak: Unknown (56.9% ) > Biaknak ngei lo le a biaknak a thlaumi, Khrihfa 27.6%, Protestant 19.7%, Catholic 7.9% le Korean Buddhism 15.5%.
Cozah Umdan: Republic (Unitary Presidential Constitutional Republic), House pakhat lawng a um. National Assembly a si.

(Note: S.Korea le N.Korea cu Korea ram pakhat an rak si nain Japan nih 1910 in a lak hnu in Japan ral a sungh tiang a pen. Cu hnu ah buaibainak ruang ah ram pakhat ah an i fonh kho ti lo ca ah Korea ram khat an rak si lio tuanbia kha ka tial ti lo.)

1945 ah vawleicung ralpi pahnihnak ah Chaklei Korea ram Japan cu Soviet sin in an sung i, Tlang Korea cu US nih an rak lak. Korea ram cu 38 parallel ri in Soviet nih a penmi N.Korea le US nih a penmi S.Korea tin a um. (N.Korea le S.Korea cu ram khat ah zalennak pek a tlak tiang politial system in umpi aherh tiah Soviet le US nih an rak ruahmi arak si nain ral a thawh ca ah an i tthen)

1948 ah Republic of Korea a hung sem.
1950 ah South nih an umnak cu Independence a si cang tiah an thanh. Hi kum ah N.Korea lei in ral
a tho.
1953 Korea ramchung ral a dih. Minung 2.5 million nak-tam an thi. N.Korea lei ah Soviet le China an taang I, S.Korea lak an timh nain UN chungtel ram hna nih S.Korea an bawmh ca ah N.Korea lungtlitum a tling kho lo.

Ral lio tafar hna pahnih

1960 S.Korea President ahmasabik Syngman Ree cu thimnak kong ah lung tlin lonak, i a chuakmi siangngakchia duh lonak langhter ruang ah rian in a chuak. Phunghram thar an ser nain ramkhel kong ah zalonnak a um huahalo.

Park Chung Hee

1961 General Park Chung Hee hruainak in ralkap nih uknak an lak.
1963 Park Chung Hee nih ramkhel tungtlang tam lak te a remh leng ah “Thirh Republic” a dirh. Industrial development begin in this year

1972 Martial Law; Park Chung Hee nih a nawl ngeihnak hmang in phunghram tam lak a thlen. N.Korea he ramkhat serding a thli te in anrak i tong, ram khat serding an i zuam.
1979 Park Chung Hee an thah. General Chun Doo-hwan nih Park Chung Hee ai arawlh.

1980 Martial Law, Siangngakchia duh lonak langhter ruang ah martial law an chuah. Gwangju khuapi ah ralkap nih mipi 200 leng an thah hna. Fifth republic cu phunghram thar he an dirh.
1981 Chun Doo-hwan cu indirect in kum 7 ca ah an thim, Martial Law an phih nain a cozah nih buaibainak a chuah lo nakhnga a lamkip in phihnak an tuah.
1986 Phunghram an thlen ca ah President cu direct in thim khawh a si.

Democracy Lam,
1980- Technology lei le computer company tampi a hung karh.
1987- President Chung Doo-Hwan cu siangngakchia buupi ( student unrest) le ramdang pressure ruang ah an chuah i, Sixth Consititution an ser. General Roh Tae-woo nih President Chun hmunhma a rolh. Ramkhel kong ah ruahnak thar laknak le corruption hlonh arak i zuam.
1988- Seoul ah Olympics Games an rak tuah. Parliamentary elections cu zalong te in an tuah.
1991- S.Korea le N.Korea cu United Nations ah member an lut.
1993- President Roh cu Kim Young Sam nih a rolh. Kim Young Sam hi cozah arak dohtu arak si. Hi kum thok in rammi nih President cu zalong te in an thim khawh.

Sunshine Policy,
1998 ah Kim Dae-jung nih President biakamnak ah “sunshine policy” kong arak chim; N.Korea cu sipuazi le minung bawmhnnak kongkau (humanitarian) bawmhnak pekding a kut alek (a offer).
2000 June- N.Korea leader Kim Jong-Il le Kim Dea-jong cu N.Korea khuapi Pyongyang ah summit an rak ngei. N.Korea nih S.Korea kongkau TV in lemsawinak/ that lonak a chim tawnmi cu a ngol.

2000 August- S.Korea le N.Korea ramri Panmunjom timi khua ah ram hnih pehtlaihnak zung an hun. S.Korea nih thongtla 3,500a tlaihmi a thlah. N.Korea mi cheukhat nih S.Korea ram i an unau cheukhat ton tthannak caan an ngei. S.Korea President Kim Dae-jung cu Nobel Peace Prize pek a si.
2001- Incheon International Airport timi Incheon tikulh (khua) ah an sakmi an on.

Naval Battle ( Ti ral)
2002 June – S.Korea le N.Korea cu rili hmunhma buaibainak ruang ah ral i tuknak hmete arak chuak. S.Korea lei in minung 4 an thih I, minung 19 hma an pu. N.Korea mi 30 hrawng an thih tiah, an ruahdamh.
2002 December- Roh Moo-Hyun cu President thar ca ah an thim.
2004- S.Korea parliament nih Iraq le US ral tuhnak ralkap 3,000 a thlah.
2006- Foreign Minister Ban Ki Moon cu UN ah Secretary- General hmunhma ca ah thim a si. 2007 January ah zung a kai.
2007 December- Conservative Lee Myung- bak nih landslide in President ca ah teinak a hmuh.
2010 May- S.Korea nih N.Korea he pehtlainak a ngeihmi vialte a chah dih. Raltuknak Tilawng “Cheonnan” cu N.Korea nih an pil ter tiah an ruah ca ah a si nain, N.Korea lei nih cun kan si lo an ti.

2012 October – Lee Myung bak nih Japan he an I cuhmi Liancourt Rocks tikulh a feh ca ah Tokyo cozah an thin a rak chia.
2012 December- US le S.Korea nih 800km a kap khomi missile system cu N.Korea ral in khamh khawhnak ding ah ramri ah chiahding biakamnak an tuah.
2012 December- Ahmasabik Nu President an thim. Park Geun-hye a si (Park Chung Hee fanu). February thla ah zung a kai colh.
2013 March- South Korea nih Ju chung ah ( into orbit) satellite a thlah. Hihi an voikhatnak a si. Zarh tlawmpal ah N.Korea nih a thlah ve.

2013 September- North le South nih Kaesong ah sehzung an on tthan
2014 April- Sewol tilawng a pil ca ah minung 281 an thi. A tam u cu siangngakchia an rak si.

2014 October N.Korea le S.Korea nih an ramri ah hriammam hneksaknak an tuahmi ngol ding hnathlaknak an tuah.
2014 December – Consitutional Court nih Progressive party cu N.Korea kongkau he aa pehtlai tiah a cohlan ruang ah party sinak in a rak bar.
2015 March- North Korea nih missile a hneksak lengmang.
2015 November- Mibu duh lonak langhternak cu Seoul ah a chuak. Chawlehnak le sianginn i hmanding history book a cozah nih a prove hmasa ahau timi kong ah a si.

President Impeached and Peace…!
2016- Park Guen-hye cu nawl ngeihnak ningcang lo in na hman ti ruang ah an buai hnawh. A hawi nu Choi he President nawl ngeihnak ningcang lo in an hman, ti a si.
2016- N.Korea nih cyber ral a rak tuk.

2017 May- Moon-jae-in cu President ca ah an thim. N.Korea he remh daihnak tuah a duhnak kong kha fiangfai in a chim.
2018 January, N.Korea le S.Korea cu Seoul I tuahmi Winter Olympics ah tlantar pakhat tang ah an lu an rak khun tti.
2018 April- N.Korea hruaitu Kim Jong-un cu N.Korea luban lakah a hmasabik S.Korea vawlei a lammi a si. Panmunjom timi ah S.Korea President Moon Jae-in he ton biaruahnak an ngei. Nuclear kong le daihnak kong hmai kan nawl lai tiah bia hrenh an tiam.

2019 January, S.Korea President Moon Jae in nih N.Korea ram a tlawn. N.Korea khuapi Pyongyang ah mi thong tampi an don.



_______________
Ref: 
1 .BBC/ S.Korea Timeline
2. Wikipedia
3. S.Korea guide

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ေ၀ါဟာရ ေလ့လာရေအာင္

가다- သြားသည္။

가고 싶다 -သြားခ်င္သည္
갈것이 없다- သြားစရာမရွိသည္။
갔다오다- သြားၿပီေနာက္ ၿပန္လာသည္။
가르치다- သင္ၿပသည္။
가치- တန္းဖုိး
같다- အတူတကြ
가깝다- နီးေသာ
오다 -လာသည္။
오는길- လာရာလမ္း
비 – မုိး
비오다- မုိးရြာသည္။
눈 – ႏွင္း
눈오다 – ႏွင္းက်သည္။

여행 -ခရီး
여행가다 – ခရီးသြားသည္။
여행가기- ခရီးသြားၿခင္း
여행사- ခရီးသြား ေအဂ်က္စီ
여행 가이드- ခရီးသြား လမ္းညြွန့္
해외 관광 – ၿပည္ပခရီး၊ ႏူိင္ငံၿခားခရီး
국내여행- ၿပည္တြင္းခရီး

사다 – ၀ယ္သည္။

싸다- ေစ်းခ်ဴိသည္။ ေစ်းခ်ဴိေသာ
비싸다- ေစ်းၾကီးေသာ
좋다- ေကာင္းတယ္။
안 좋다- မေကာင္းတယ္။
싫다- မုန္းသည္။
자다- အိပ္သည္။
깊다- နက္သည္။
높다- ၿမင့္သည္။
살살하다- အသာေလးလုပ္သည္။ သာသာယာယာေလး လုပ္သည္။

사랑하다- ခ်စ္သည္။
마음에 있다- စိတ္ထဲမွာ ရွိသည္။
기억에 있다- မွတ္ထားသည္။
보고싶다- သတိရသည္။ လြမ္းသည္။
만나고 싶다- ေတြ ့ခ်င္သည္။

고백하다- ခ်စ္ေၾကာင္း ဖြင့္ေၿပာသည္။
사교다 –   လက္တြဲသည္။ ခ်စ္သူၿဖစ္ၿပီးေနာက္ လက္တဲြသည္။
행복하다- ေပ်ာ္ရြင္သည္။
아프다- နာၾကင္သည္။
안타깝다- သနားၿခင္း။ စိတ္မေကာင္းစရာ
해어지다- လမ္ခြဲသည္။

23/01/2018
서울
찬

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Hlan lio Japan ram ukning (tuanbia) a dot dot (BC 13000 - AD 1912)

Meiji

1. Jomon Period (13000 BC to 300)
Japanese islands aa fun, nga tlai le ram vaih in an i cawm. 
2. Yayoi Period (300BC - 250AD0
Facang a biapi. Cintlak kha biatak in an tuah.. The country began to unite under powerful land owners. Korea sin in thil ser dan le chanthar idea kha an lak , an ram ah an hman.

3.  Kofun Period (250-538)
Power tthawnnak alang leng ah Kinai Plain timi zong a thangcho ngai. Kum AD 400 in an ram cu Yawato Japan timi ah an i fun. Hi chan ahhin khuapi hi atu le tu rak thial a si.

4. Asuka period ( 538-710)
Kudara silo ah Paikche timi uknak le Korean pawl he daw ngai in an rak um. Beakjea (Hlanchan Korea ram i ram pakhat a simi) siangpahrang nih Japan sinah Buddhism arak phakter. Prince Shotoku nih Tuluk idea (Confucianism le Taoism) kha arak uar ngai ca ah thanter aa tim lawng silo in ahnu ahcun Chinese writing system tiang a rak tuah.

AD 645, Nakatomi no Kamatari timi nih "Fujiwara clan" a ser i,  chanthar a ser. Mah hi buu (ralkap buu) hi Samurai an chuah hlan 11 century tiang ah an rak lar taktak. Nakatomi nih Buddish biaknak kha an ram biaknak si ding a tuah. Lo pawl cu state cozah nih an cawk hna i, ningcang te in an cheuh cio hna. Tuluk dan in tax system an thawk.

5. Nara and Heian Periods (710- 1185)
AD 710 ah Nara kha khuapi ah an tuah. Cu khuapi cu Buddhist le Chinese style in an tuam. Chikkhat te ah a ngan i, ramkhel le uknak lei ah a biapimi khua pakhat a hung si. AD 784 ah Nagaoka ah an khuapi an thial. Cun, Kyoto timi ah an thial tthan. Kyoto cu kum saupi Japan khuapi a si. Hi chan cu China model in zei poah kha rak tuam chan asi ca ah Native Japanese movement ti bantuk arak chuak. Miphun dawtnak kong kha biatak in an hun aupi. Ramchung ral (Gempei war) a rak um.

6. Kamakura Period (1192- 1333)
1192 ah Minamoto Yoritomo nih ral a tei dih hna ca ah a khua Kamakura ah cozah aser; Kamukura cozah an ti.  Kamakura le Kyoto kar ah buainak a rak um. Mogols nih voi hnih khel te chim arak timh nain arak tei lo (1274 ah voikhat le 1281 ah voikhat). 1333 ah Kamakura cozah an ziam.

7. Maromachi Period (1338- 1573)
1334 ah Emperor an sersiam tthan. Ashikaga takauji nih Kyoto a lak. Siangpahrang cu Yoshino ah a zaam i, Southern court timi uknak a va ser. 1392 ah Southern courts le Northern Courts cu an i fon tthan. 1467-77 tiang Onin ral a chuak. 1542 ah Portuguese rammi nih Khrihfa mission an rak tuah hna. 1573 ah Maromachi cozah an ziam.

8. Azuchi-Momoyama Period ( 1573- 1603)
Nagshino cu Takeda clan nih 1575 ah aa tei. Nabunaga cu an thah i, Toyoyomi Hideyoshi a bawi. 1588 ah Hideyoshi nih lothlo pawl hriam nam a lak dih. Biaknak phu tete sin ummi zong a lak dih. Cucu ' Sword Hunt" an ti. 1592-98 ah Korea lak an zalh nain an la kho lo (Seoul tiang an lak nain Russia nih a nam tthan hna). 1598 an bawi Hideyoshi a thi i, Takugawa leyasu nih a chan, Sekifahara ral a tei.

10. Edo Period ( 1603- 1868)
1603 Leyasu nih Tokugawa cozah kha Edo (Tokyo) ah ser a rak duh. Nain, Toyotomi clan nih an rak doh i, leyasau zong cu Osaka castle ah an rak tlaih. 1639 ahcun international trade an rak tuah len cang; Korea, China, Netherlands le Ryukyu Kingdomle Ainu tbk,, he an tuah cu a si. 1688-1703 hi Genroku era an ti i, an rak thangcho taktak lio caan a si. 1972 ah Russia nih Japan he trade tuah aa rak tim nain a rak sung. Sangphalawng dinhnak kha limit tuah i, trade kha thittha in tuah awk ah Commmodore Mathew Perry nih arak forh hna.

11. Meiji Period (1868 - 1912)
1868 ah Meiji uknak cu aa thawk. Tokyo ah an khuapi an thial. Tokyo le Yokohama kar tlanglawng lam cu 1872 ah an tuah. Hihi a voihkhatnak tlanglawng lam a si, an ti. "Mei Constitution" cu 1889 ah an ser i, an hman. 1894-95 tiang cu Sino- Japanese war (Japan le China le Korea ral) a si i, Taiwan cu Japan nih 1894-95 ah a lak. Hi caan ahhin ca cawn lo ngah lo phungphai an thawk. Nitlak lei ca cawng an karh. Nuhrin covo ti bantuk an dirh kamh. Samurai a dih hnu ah Meiji chan cu a chuakmi a si. Samurai cu 1603 in 1867 tiang a si.

1904 - 05 ah Russo- Japanese ral a chuak i, Japan nih a tei. A pennak ram kauh a duh ca ah Korea cu 1910 ah alak dih. 1912 ah Meiji a thi i, amah caan cu a dih beh.

____

Ref:
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15219730|
https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2126.html
Wikipedia
Asia Pacific and world politics by Derek Dougall

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