Kawl Miphun Hna Political Culture: Acunglei Lawngah Power A ummi Nunphung

Nunphung timi cu chikkhat te ah a chuakmi le minung pakhat nih a chuah ter khawhmi a si lo. Kum le caan saupi, zatlang buu nih hmanmi ziaza a si. Cu bantuk nunphung cu ram pakhat ah a biapi ngaingaimi a si. Ram pakhat i, a sining, ahnu le ahmai zoh tikah zoh zungzal aherhmi thil pakhat a si ca ah tutan cu Kawl miphun hna i nunphung lakah pakhat a simi ramkhel nunphung (Political culture) kan zoh ṭi hna lai. Kawl nih ramkhel nunphung an hmanning cu atanglei bantuk in hmuh khawh a si. Siangpahrang chan, Acung in a tang ah a kalmi le Hringtu thih cu fale nih ro co.

1.     Siangpahrang chan timi hi သက်ဦးဆံပိုင်စနစ် an timi khi a si. A sullam cu siangpahrang nih rammi nunnak tiang a ngeih dih timi sullam a si.  Rammi nunnak tiang siangpahrang nawl a si ahcun adang suingun le chawva cu chim awk um ti lo khi a si. Cucaah, Kawl miphun hna nih hlan chan i siangpahrang kong cawihler in an chuankhaan tikah " ဘဝရှင်"  le ရေမြေရှင်" an ti theo tawn hna. Sihmansehlaw, hi ti siangpahrang nih power a ngeihnak hi zei ruang ah a si, ho nih dah cu power cu a pek ti bantuk hi kawl in hmuh awk a har ngaimi a si. Cucaah, mi thiamsang hna nih Myanmar rammi cu power ngei le power ngei lo ti in phun hnih tu in an um, an ti hna. Cheukhat ram le nunphung ahcun siangpahrang cu Pathian siloah nunphung in biakmi khuazing nih power a pek tawn hna nain Kawl nunphung ahcun cu tin a si lo ca ah siangpahrang sin ahhin power hi zakhat ah zakhat bak kha a dil in arak i dil. Sang le veng, zatlang, biaknak ah power a um lo i, siangpahrang sin lawnglawng ah ram uknak power a ummi kha Kawl miphun hna i, political culuture pakhat cu a si.

 

2.     Acung in a tang ah a kalmi power: Acung in atang ah a kalmi ram uknak power phun hi Myanmar ram ah chanthar tiangin fek te in a um rih. Democracy rim a hmui caan zong ah fek te in a um i, nihin tiang fek te in a um rihmi a si. Ram pumpi power vialte kha a cung ah aa but dihmi ram a si ca ah ram uknak cu a cung in a ra. Cucaah, democracy nunphung bantuk in atang in a cung ah power kha an kai kho tawn lo. Atak zong ah, rank sang pawl sinah mipi nih lomhnak bia an chim tawn. Rammi nakin bawi kha an bawi deuh timi a chuahtertu a si. Rammi nih a cung in power arak ra ti an cohlan tuk tikah uknak an duh lo tikah duhnak langhternak a tlawm. An in khawh bak lo lawng ah duh lonak an langhter tawn. Duh lonak langhternak in an tei lo ahcun hramhram hriamtlaih dothlennak tiang in "သေရင် မြေကြီး ရှင်ရင် ရွှေထီး" tin do an thleng tawn. Cu ti a si ca ah dothlennak an tei lo ahcun an thi ko nain, dothlennak an tei ahcun power kha fak tuk in an i tlaih sual lengmang ve ṭhan.

 

3.     Hringtu thih hnu fale roco: Siangpahrang a thih lawng ah a fa nih ro a co lai timi nunphung a ngeimi hi Kawl miphun an si. Cucaah, Siangpahrang thahnak, ule nau thahnak ti bantuk kha arak um tawn. Phundang in power hmuhnak ding ah thahnak kha a rak um tawn. Cucaah, siangpahrang nih siangpahrang a ṭuan tikah security le adang herhhai in a nunnak kha a kilven tawn. Cucaah, Kawl nunphung ahcun rian ṭuan khawhnak power ngeih deuhdeuh lungretheih in um deuhdeuh kha a si. Hi ruang ah power  kha vainam bantuk in an i tlaih i, an nawl ngeihnak a hnawr suantu cu thihnak le thahnak tiang an pek tawn hna. Vuanṭhan, siangpahrang inn rian ṭuan, MPs tbk tiang in power ngei siangpahrang siloah uktu kha an ṭih tuk ca ah an chimmi paoh a dik le dik lo ruat lo in an thangṭhat hna. Rank kai duh ah i thangṭhat le i len kai zong kha a tam hringhranmi nunphung a si.

Ram Uknak Fehternak

Ram uktu hna nih ram an uk tikah an uknak fehterning phun hnih in a um. Cu lakah an hmanbikmi cu " ṭihnak-ralchiatter" hi a si. Mipi cu power in an uk chih hna, an namneh hna. Uktu nih an duh si le an tlaih hna, siloah dan an tat hna. Cucaah, Kawl Siangpahrang cu mipi kha an ralchiat dingah an naih hmasa hna ca ah mipi nih ṭihnak in an zoh ve hna. Phundang in, siangpahrang nih minung kha a ning a ṭih ter hnu ah a uk hna. Cun, adang phunkhat cu mipi nih siangpahrang an duh dawtding siloah an thangṭhat ding lam a si. Cucu biaknak hoih in cawnpiak i, uk kha a si. Cucaah, Kawl nih an thawk hmasabikmi an pennnak Bagan uknak zong khi kan zoh tikah Buddhist biaknak he an kep, Buddhist biaknak in mipi kha an cawnpiak hna.

Kawl siangpahrang pennak Bagan chan ah Anawryatha siangpahrang (1044-1077) cu Pithitkat (ပီဠကတ်) kha Bagan ah a rak phorh i Buddhist biaknak a cawnpiak hna. Cu bantuk in Kawl biaknak a donghnak Kungbawng chan i Min Dung Min siangpahrang zong nih Buddhist cawisannak in a rak uk hna. Cu bantuk ṭhiamṭhiam in Union chan ah an zia cu thlau lo in Prime Minister hlun U Nu zong nih Buddhist biaknak kha a cawihler ve_ Ram pumpi state biaknak tiang a rak thanh. Tuanbia zoh tik zong ah Kawl siangpahrang le Kawl bawi nih cun Kawl biaknak hmelchunhnak se-ṭi phun hi an i hmaithlak zungzal fawn. Cucaah, ram uknak fehternak ca ah Kawl siangpahrang le uktu hna nih mipi kha ṭihnak ngeiter in an uk bantuk in, mipi lungthin laknak ding ah biaknak zong kha an hman tawn timi hmuh khawh a si.

Power I Cuhnak

Siangpahrang chan ah uk ningcang duh lo ruang ah siangpahrang doh ti a um bal lo. Siangpahrang si duh ca ah siangpahrang doh ti lawng arak um bal. Sihmansehlaw, siangpahrang a doh i, siangpahrang a cangmi nih siangpahrang an can tikah an rak dohmi siangpahrang bantuk in ram kha an uk tawn hna. Sal si lio ah sal ngeih a ṭha lo an ti nain, bawi an si tikah sal ngeih a ṭha an ti ṭhan tawn. Cucu Kawl nunphung pakhat arak si.

Mirang chan lio ah Mirang uknak duh lo in do a ṭhlengtu bu an rak um. Saya San dothlennak le 30 Comarade an si. Chanthar ahcun hriamtlai in dothlennak a tuahmi EAOs pawl le ramkhel in siloah hriamtlai lo in dothlennak a tuahmi tin hmuh khawh a si. Hi hna nih an kalpi mi cu uknak remhnak ding ah uktu kha doh i, mah kha uktu ah i can kha a si. Sihmansehlaw, dohtu nih cozah an tlaih tikah kan duhning in kan uk khawh nakhnga power i tlaih ahau ti kha an pom ve. Cucaah, mah siangpahrang si duh ruang i siangpahrang ah va can bantuk kha aa chuah ṭhan.

 

 

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Study Note: East Asia Nunphung Cawnpiaktu Chinese Hrinsor Hna Sayaci Confucius

Jesuh Khrih a chuah hlan kum 500 hlan deuh te ah China ram ah Confucius timi pa arak chuak. A chuahni taktak hi an fiang lo nain, mi tam deuh nih cun BC 551 September 28 ah a chuak an ti. Cu pa cawnpiaknak cu Eat Asia ram China, Japan, Taiwan le Korea hna ahcun pathian tluk deng in an upat, a cheukhat ram nih cun a cawnpiaknak kha an i nunpi. A cheukhat ram ahcun state ideology tiang in an rak hman. Nihin tiang in vawleicung nih a cawnpiaknak an zulhmi pafim pakhat a si ti khawh a si. Cu pa kong cu tlawmpal i ruah hna usih.

Tuluk ram i Confucius milem

I. Tuanbia Tawi

Amin ah Confucius timi pa cu Tuluk nichuah lei kap i a ummi Shandong pengkulh ah BC 551 ah arak chuak. Kum 3 a si ah ram ukbawi a simi a pa nih arak thih tak hna ca ah a nu nih a rak hmei pi hna. Ca a rak thiam ngaingai ca ah nupi a ṭhit hlan (Kum 19 ah nupi a ngei i, kum 20 ah fa a ngei) cu cozah zung hme tete ti bantuk ah ca uk lei he pehtlaihmi rian a rak ṭuan. Kum 20 a tlin hlan ah hi lio Tuluk ram cawnnak ah a min arak thangmi “six arts ( ritual, music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy le arithmetic) arak awng cang. Sihmansehlaw, Confucius i a saya taktak hi hodah a si tiah an kawl tikah an hmu kho lo. Cheukhat nih an chimnak ahcun a saya hi minung pumpak si lo in cawnpiaktu ṭha le cawn awk ṭha hi a si tiah an ruah. Confucius tihi “Master Kong” tinak a si, an ti. Confucius i a phun min hi “Kong” a si i, a min tak cu “Qiu” a rak si ca ah “Kongqui” ti a si. Kongqui cu Mandarin aw cawi in rel tikah Confucius tiah a chuak, an ti. A sullam cu “Ca thiam le upatmi” siloah “Kong mifim pa” tinak arak si.

Kum 22 a si ah sianginn pakhat arak dirh i, zatlang nun cawnpiaknak le cozah uknak kalning cawnpiaknak ti bantuk arak chimh hna. Kum 34 fai a si ah an ram ah ramchung buainak a um i, an hruaitu pa an dawi. Cucaah, Confucius cu khual a tlawnnak in an khua lei kir ti lo in a tapeh pawl he an rol ve. Cu an rolnak hmun ahcun ca lei cawnnak a tuah i, kum 15 tluk a rauh hnu ah an ram lei ah a kir ṭhan ti a si. Confucius cu kum 50 a si ah ramkhel ah a rak lut i, kum 52 ah an peng ah taya-tugyi arak ṭuan. Cu dih cun, Assistant minister arak ṭuan. Caan ahung rauh deuh tikah Lu pengkulh ah Minister of Justice tiang arak phan lawng si lo in siangpahrang Lu i, ramdang he pehtlaihnak lei chief minister tiang arak ṭuan bal, an ti. Rian a ṭuan caan ah dinfelnak le ṭluk ruannak a rak ṭanhpimi asi ruang ah mi tampi nih uarmi ah a hung cang[i]. Cucaah, amah a uar lomi, bawiphun le a pawngkam minung hna nih Confucius nih a kan tei sual lai ti kha thinphang in an rak um. Cucaah, music lei lemcang thiam ngaknu muidawh ṭhaṭha in Confucius cu an leirawi, ti a si. Cucaah, Confucius cu an ram in an ṭhawl. Kum 13 chung Tuluk ram hmundang ah khual a tlawng nain ho hmanh nih an ram ah umding ngaingai in an rak cohlang duh lo.

Kum 13 arauh hnu ah an ram ah a kir ṭhan. Hi ti a kir khawh ṭhannak hi an peng Lu pengkulh a uktu Duke Ai le Ji chungkhar hna he pehtlainak in a si men lai tiah an zumh. A kir tik bal te ah ramkhel ah lut ti lo in music le ca lei tu ah a lu aa hung i hlin. Cauk, catluan, biazai le hla ti bantuk tampi arak ṭial. Kum 73 a si ah a thi. Confucius nih sianngakchia (tapeh) 3,000 fai arak ngeih hna, an ti. Hi hna pawl hi mfim le cathiam an si ca ah nihin tiang ah Confucius cawnpiaknak hi vawleicung ah a tan rihnak hi a si tiah an ruah. Confucius cawnpiaknak lak ah amin a thangmi pakhat cu “Midang nih ka cung ah tuah hna hlah seh ti na duhmi kha an cung zong ah zeitik hmanh va tuah hlah” ti hi a si. Confucius a thih hnu kum tampi hnu ah Han Dynasty uknak Tuluk ram ah a hung chuak. Han Dynasty i, Siangpahrang Gaozo chan ah Confucius hringsor hna cu an rak cawihler hna. Rank sang rian an pek hna[ii].

II. A Thih Hnu

Confucius hi East Asia lawng si lo in Tuluk nunphung nih a hip ngaimi Singapore le Vietnam ram tiang in a lar. A bik in Confucius nunzia siloah kalpi mi Confuciusnism cu zatlang nun ah cawnpiaktu nunzia ṭha ah a hmangmi hi milu hi 1.5 billion tluk an si ti, a si[iii]. Hlan lio Tuluk ram hna ahcun siangpahrang camipuai rak timi cu Tuluk siangpahrang nih kum 3 ah voikhat a tuahmi, rammi nih cozah rian ṭuannak ah a sangbikmi camipuai an timi ca ah Confucius ṭialmi cauk uk li le cathluan thluan 5 pawl hi textbook can ah an rak hman hna. Hi textbook ahhin Tuluk ram i zulhphung le ram hruaining, zatlang nunning pawl kha fel fai te in aa ṭial an ti. Confucius a thih hnu kum za lonh BC 221 ah Tuluk ram ah Chin Dynasty (BC 221 – BC 206) timi siangpahrang uknak thar a rak chuak. Chin Dynasty i, Shih Haung Ti siangpahrang te nih cun Confucius cawnpiaknak cu cawnpiaknak ṭha lo a si an rak ti ca ah an rak hnon. A cauk hna mei in an rak duah lawng si lo in hman lo ding tiang in an rak khamh. Cu uknak a dih hnu ah Han Dynasty (BC 206 – BC 196) a hung chuak. Han Dynasty chan ahcun Confucius cawnpiaknak cu an cawisan ṭhan i official ideology tiang ah an hman.

Confucius khuaruahnak Confucianism cawnpiaknak idea cheukhat cu Chinese mifim Mencius le Xunzi nih tampi an ṭhanchoter chap ti, a si. A bik in  Confucius sianginn ah Confucianism cu Buddhism le Taoism he an cawn chih. Song dynasty (960–1279) ah Buddhism, Taoism le Confucianism idea pathum fonh in “Neo- Confucianism” a chuak ti, a si [iv]. Chanthar Tuluk ram sertu Communist party dirhtu Mao Zedong zong kha Confucius cawnpiaknak a rak uar lo ngaimi arak si ve. Cu ti a langhnak cu Tuluk ram i arak cangmi culture revolution (1966- 1976) i “a hlun hlaw law a thar in ser cawnpiaknak” in a lang an ti. Sihmansehlaw, Confucius cu Tuluk ram ahcun hruaitu tam deuh nih uar ngaimi le mipi le mifim nih nunpi mi nunzia ah a can ca ah nihin tiang Tuluk ram lawng ah silo in vawleicung tiang in a larnak pakhat a hun si[v].

III. Confucianism Timi cu Zeidah Asi Kun?

Confucius khuaruahnak siloah Confucius fimnak kha Confucianism tiah an ti. Confucius a thih hnu ah Confucianism hi mifim thar pawl (Confucius a simi an ti hna) nih an thar chuah lengmang ve tawn. Confucianism cawnpiaknak cu zoh tikah a tlangpi in minung nunning cawnpiaknak a si. Cucu a tanglei bantuk in ṭhen (5) in hmuh khawh a si;

·         Li: phung le lam zulh, ziaza ṭha le mipi hmai um ṭhut dirning cawnpiaknak

·         Hsiao: Chungkhar ah dawtnak lenter; hringtu hna fale nih dawt. Fale hna nih hringtu nih dawt.

·         Yi: Righteousness (Dinnak)

·         Xin: Honesty and trustworthiness

·         Jen: Mi ca i a ṭha mi thil tuah, midang cung zawnruahnak ngeih, dawtnak ngeih tbk

·         Chung: Ram le ram uktu cung ah zumhtlak sinak

Confucinisam cawnpiak chung in cheukhat a biapimi kan char ahcun;

• Confucianism timi cu minung khuasakning, hmuh lai dingmi le zeidah kan tuah duhmi (Interest) ti kong pehtlai in a ruatmi khauruahnak ideoloy a si. Tc, Confucianism khuaruahnak ahcun minung cu a mah lawng in a um kho lo ca ah hawi he nun ahau. Minung i pumpak kawltung cu nun nuamhnak hi a si. Cu nun nuamhnak cu daihnak lawng in hmuh khawh a si. Daihnak hmuh khawh awk ah dawtnak le duty (love and duty) cherhchan in minung nih phung pa (5: Li, Hsio, Yi, Xin and Jen) hi zulh aherh.
• Minung cu cawnpiak khawhmi le remh khawhmi an si. Minung i kawltung cu ziaza ṭha le fimnak ngeih a si. Minung nih amah minung dang sinah tuahding duty a ngei. Cucu tha te in a tuah lawng ah an zatlang nun ah tlinnak le nuamhnak a um lai.
•  Ram uktu bawi hna nih anmah le anmah i do lo ding le an rammi pawl thah lenlo ding arak cawnpiak hna. A chimhmi hna cu daihnak le dinnak cu uknak tha lo in hmuh khawh a si lo. Uknak tha cu uktu ṭha lawng in a si kho.
•   Phung zulh le mah le rian cio tuannak nih zatlang nun ah ṭhat hnemnak a chuahter. Hringtu nu le pa cu fale nakin an sang deuh bantuk in pa cu nu nakin a sang deuh tiah a ruatmi zumhnak a si. Arak chimmi cu, Ram uktu nih ram cu uk ko seh, ram hruaitu nih ram cu hruai ko seh. A pa nih a fapa cu hruai ko sehlaw, a fapa nih a fapa bantuk te in um ko seh.

A Bia Roling
Rian ṭuannak kong he pehtlai in;

"Na dir lo paoh ahcun na kalning a nuar le a ran kha a biapi lo"

“Kan i dawhnak cu kan ṭluk lomi hin si lo in kan ṭluk tikah kan thawh ṭhan lengmangmi hi a si”.

“Na lungduhmi rian kha i thim law na chanchung na rian tuan a nuam lai (na ni khua a sau lai lo)”.

Cawnnak kong he pehtlai in;

“Ka theih i ka philh. Ka hmuh i, kaa cinkhen. Ka tuah i, ka hngalh fian”.

“Khoikaa na kal paoh ah lungtak te in kal”.

Nun can ziaza kong he pehtlai in

“Zei zong vialte hi dawhnak an ngei dih. Nain, cucu hmuhpiak dih an si lo”.

“Phulam naa thawk hlan ah, thlan khor pahnih in co ta”.

“Midang nih ka cung ah tuah hlah seh ti na duhmi kha an cung ah va tuah ve hlah”.

“Pumpak zia a ṭhat lawng ah chungkhar a nuam; Chungkhar a nuam lawng ah ram cu a nuam i uk khawh a si”.

IV. Biadonghnak

Confucius timi pa cawnpiaknak hi Asia ram chung ah mak ngai in a rak lar hmasa nain ahnu ah vawlei pumpi tiang in cawnpiaktu ṭha tiah an cohlangmi a si. Abik in East Asia ram hoi hna ahcun biaknak tluk in an rak zum. An rak i nunpi. Tuluk, Japan, Taiwan le Korea hoi hna ahcun an zatlang nun ah Confucianism kha a ṭhawn tuk ca ah bawi le bawi lo, rank niam le rank sang, hringtu le hringmi kar ah upatnak le i thlaunak kha a um. Cu ruang ah chungkhar ahcun hringtu bia kha fale nih rak ngeih ngaingai a si. China tuanbia zoh tik zong ah state ideology tiang in rak hman a si. Nawl ngeihnak kha biapi ngai in a cawnpiak hna bantuk in hruaitu hna nih phung ning te in hruaimi kha hruai lawng ah remhnak daihnak a ummi zatlang siloah ram nuam a chuak lai ti bantuk te hna a cawnpiak hna. Chan tampi ah thar chuah lengmang a si nain, nihin tiang ah hring didel in a nungmi cerhti kam thingkung bantuk a si rihnak a ruang cu “dinfelnak, dawtnak” ti bantuk aa hmaithlak ca ah asi kho men tiah a ruatmi zong an um. Western lei idea deuh a simi democracy timi pumpak covo ah i khah dihnak “hringtu le hrinmi i khahnak” ti bantuk he hin tlawmpal cu aa kalh. 

Cu ruang ah Confucianism a ṭhawnnak ram ahcun democracy tahfung lak i pakhat a simi “political culture” ahhin an mark a tlawm theo tawn. Sihmansehlaw, zatlang nun ah senior le junior, hringtu le hrinmi, bawi le bawi lo, saya le tapeh ti bantuk karh ah upatnak sangpi a chiahmi ruahnak siloah cawnpiaknak a si tikah cawnpiakmi (lesson) ti bantuk kha hlawhtlinnak an hmuh a foi deuh tiah a ruatmi an um ve. Cucaah, ram cheukhat ahcun ram sersiamnak ah hi ideology cu an hman tawn (Tc, Korea ahcun Confucianism cu a chiatnak an rak chim ngam lo. Confucianism ruang ah kan ṭhangcho ti, a rak si). Confucianism a ṭhawnnak ram ahcun mah nakin upa deuh he ton tikah 45 degree lu khun in chawnh a si tawn. Nihin tiang ah hi pa cawnpiaknak cu nunphung pakhat bantuk in vawleicung nih kan ngeihmi pakhat ah aa chuah. Cucaah, vawleicung tuanbia, politics le zatlang nunzia cawn tikah amah kong cu hngalh aherh ngaingaimi pakhat a hung si.  

                            ____ A dih cang_____

---

[i] Amy McKenna. “The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time”. P 22 -26
[ii] “ကွန်ဖြူးရှင်း အတ္ထုပ္ပတိနှင့် အတွေးအခေါ် ပံ့ပို့မူများနှင့် စာသားများ” https://my.warbletoncouncil.org/confucio-13093
[iii]ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ်ဝါဒ. https://www.wikiwand.com/my/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92
[iv] National Geographic, Confucianism. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/confucianism/
 
[v] ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ်
https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA

(vi) Cheuk Woon Taam. On Studies of Confucius. University of Hawai'í Press

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Karen Miphun Dothlennak: Ṭhen le Fonh ṭhannak in A khatmi Hriamtlainak

I. Karen Dothlennak Phu Hna

Karen National Union (KNU) cu 1947 February 5 ah Saw Ba U Gyi hruainak in Karen miphun hna nih an rak ser. 1949 January thla ah Myanmar ram pumpaluk in an rak lakdeng ti, a si. KNU tang ah Karen National Unted Party (KNUP) kha political party ca ah an rak hman i, army ca ah Kawthoolei Armed Forces (KAF) an rak ser. KAF cu ahnu ah Karen People’s Liberation Army (KPLA) tiah 1956 ah an thlen. Nichuahlei Karen ram ah Gen Bo Mya te nih Karen National United Front (KNUF) in phu thar an dirh. Mahn Za Ban cu chairman a si i, Bo Mya cu vice chairman arak si. KNUF i an ralkap buu cu Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) ti, a si. 1975 ah aa thencheu KNU hrinsor vialte cu pakhat ah um thanding hnatlaknak a um i, Mahn Za Ban cu 1975 -75 tiang KNU chairman arak si. Cu dih cun, Bo Mya nih chairman a ṭuan. Bo Mya chan 1994 ah KNU chungah Khrihfa le Buddhist kar lung rual lonak a chuak i, Buddhist nih buu thar an dirh. Democratic Karen Buddhist Organization, an ti.

Karen National Defense Organization (KNDO) cu 1947 July 16 ah Mahn Bazan nih hruaimi KNU ralkap private militia in a rak i thawk. 1948 August 30 lio ah Thadon, Moulmei ti bantuk tiang in a rak lak khotu an si. Nihin ahcun KNU khuate i, militia force pakhat dirhmun in an um cang.

Democratic Karen Buddhist Organization/ Army (DKBO/DKBA) cu KNU chungah Khrihfa le Buddhist karlak i hmuh thiam lo ruang ah buddhist a biapi hna nih 1994 ah an ser. DKBA chung in 2010 August 21 ah Myanmar Army kut tang buu a simi Boarder Guar Force (BGF) ah mi tam deuh an lut. Nain, DKBA 5^th Brigade Commander Col. Lah Pwe cu BGF ah luh arak duh lo ca ah DKBO min in a hung cawlcaang. DKBO/DKBA buu thar an chuah hnu i, atangmi KNU zong ahcun ruahnak i dannak tete a um ṭhan ca ah 2007 January 30 ahcun buu thar a sem ṭhan. Cu hlan deuh 1997 ah KNLA ralkap rank sang a simi Col Thumu Hei (Bridage 6^th ) cu Myanmar ralkap cozah State Peace and  Development Council he rem daihnak min an thut ve[i].

KNU/KNLA (Peace Council) cu KNLA brigade 7^th in 2007 ah a chuakmi buu an si. Gen Bo Mya nih KNU ah a rak hruai lio ah Kawl ralkap cozah he remh daihnak biaruahding timh tuahnak an rak ngei. Kawl ralkap cu Khin Ngut nih arak hruai hna nain, ahnu ah Khin Ngut cu an tlaih. Bo Mya zong cu kumkhua lei upat ruang le KNU ah amah a duhtu an hung zor ca ah remh daihnak cu a thar chuah kho ti lo. Hi lio caan ahhin KNU chung ah remh daihnak a zummi le a zum lomi tin phu hnih in an rak um. Cucaah, Bo Mya lei kap ṭang KNLA brigade 7^th in  Gen. Htay Maung nih KNU/KNLA (PC) cu 2007 ah a dirpi hna. Buu thar an dirh bak in KNU nih an phuah ve hna, ti a si. Nihin tiang Myanmar Army he remh daihnak serding aa zuam cuahmahmi buu an si[ii].

Boarder Guard Forces (BGF) timi cu 2008 phunghram ningin Myanmar Army kut tang a um, an si. Myanmar Army he hnatlaknak an ngeihnak hmunhma ah hriamtlai khawhnak nawl a ngeimi buu an si. Phundang in M.A ralkap phunkhat an si. DKBA tang ahhin battalion 14 (reserve battalion 2 he fonh) a um i, battalion pakhat hi minung 400 in ser a si ca ah 2010 hlan DKBA ralkap thazaang cu 4,000 leng cu a si hrim lai, an ti. BGF i can kong he pehtlai in 2010 ah DKBA chung ah lung i hmuh lonak arak um. Cucaah, DKBA ralkap mi tam deuh cu M.A kut toi ralkap BGF ah i thial hmanh hna sehlaw, DKBA brigades 5 in commander Col. Lah Pwe cu le a ralkap pawl nih cun an rak duh lo.

Kawthoolei Army (KTLA): 2021 ralkap uknak lak hnu ah KTLA cu sualnak ngei lo construction worker minung 25 a thah tiah KNU nih an timi KNLA ralbawi hlun Gen. Ner Dah Myah nih a dirhmi a si. Gen. Ner Dah Myah cu KNU nih an bar hnu ah KTLA cu a dirh i, Min Aung Hlaing ralkap fakpi in a doh. Amah cu KNU chariman hlun  Bo Myah i a fapa pahnihnak a si. Minung 25 thah kong he pehtlai in cun, a cheu nih Myanmar Army spies a si an ti, a cheu nih construction worker an si, an ti ve . Khatte lei ah, KNU chung ah ruahnak i dan ciami NCA remh daihnak lam zumh le zumh lo zong a rak um cia ve. Cu bantuk ruahnak i dannak a fak tuk tikah ahnu ahcun KTLA tiang an rak dirnak hi a si. KTLA cu Karen mino le ramdang phanmi Karen miphun hna nih an uar ngaimi a hung si. Nihin tiang ahcun KTLA le KNU cu ral bantuk in an um. An i kap i, thih lohnak zong a um ti, a si[iii].

 

II. Hruainak, Ralkap Thazaang, Hmunhma Entainak

KNU nih doctrine bantuk in an i nunpimi phung pali a um. Cucu an hruaitu hmasabik Saw Ba U Gyi nih a sermi a si ca ah Saw Ba U Gyi four principles ti zong in an kawh. Cucu:

1.      1. For us surrender is out of the question

2.      2. The recognition of Karen State mush bu complete

3.     3.  We shall retain our arms

4.      4. We shall decide our own political destiny, ti in a si.

KNU chairman cu kum (4) ah voikhat tuahmi KNU general meeting ah thim a si. Nihin hruaitu cu 2016 lio ah an rak thimmi hna an si. 17nak General meeting tuahding an sic ang nain Covid 19 le rallokap uknak lak ruang ah an tuah kho rih lo ca ah chairman thlennak a um rih lo. KNU kutang a ummi ram hmun hi Karen holh in “Kawthoolei” an ti i, district pa 7 a um. District hruaitu 7 cu term khat kum 2 in thim a si. District pakhat cu township pathum in an ser hna; township pahnih in sermi district zong an um ve. Township cu village tract nih a kulh. Uknak cozah department pa 14 an ngei hna. Ralkap structure ahcun  KNLA tang ahhin Brigade -7 an um. Cu  hna cu;  B 1 သထုံခရိုင်, B 2 တောင်ငူခရိုင်, B 3 ညောင်လေးပင်ခရိုင်၊ B- 4ထားဝယ်ခရိုင်၊  B-5 ဖါပွန်ခရိုင်၊ B-6 ဒူပလာယာခရိုင်၊ B 7 ဘားအံခရိုင်  tin an um hna[iv]. Brigade pakhat tang ahhin KNLA in battalion pahnih le KNDO in battalion 1 tin an um. Brigade pakhat le pakhat karah hriam nam thazaang siseh Mino thazaang siseh an i khat hna lo. A ṭhawntgbik cu B 5 hi an si, ti a si. 2021 February 1 ni uknak lak hlan ahcun KNU cu ralkap 8,000 hrawng a ngei an ti nain, ralkap uknak lak hnu ah 35,000 cu an si men tiah an ruah damh. KNU cu NCA ah min a rak thumi lakah a ṭhawngbik a rak si ca ah NCA minthu hriamtlai buu hna nih sermi PPST ah chairman a rak ṭuan. KNU le Mon hriamtlai phu hna hi ဒူပလာယာခရိုင် aa cuhmi an si ca ah KNU le Mon hriamtlai NMSP kar ah buainak a chuak lengmang, ti a si.

III. 2021 Uknak Lak Hnu Karen Miphun Dothlennak

KNU cu ralkap uknak lak a thaizing ah ralkap uknak a mawhchiat colhtu a si ca ah EAOs lakah ahmasabik ralkap uknak lak a mawhchiattu a si. KNU ralkap KNLA zong nih MAH ralkap duh lonak a langhtertu rammi hna ca ah hriamnam he humhimnak arak lakpiak hna. Ralkap uknak lak kum 2 a tlin tiang zoh tikah KNU control area cu PDF pawl training peknak, Pau dothlengtu hna dornak le NUG upa pawl zohkhenhnak hmunhma a hung si[v]. A cawlcanghnak cheukhat kan zoh ahcun, 2021 March 22 ah KNU chairman General Sawm Mutu Say Poe nih ralhrang cawlcanghning kong fakpi in mawhchiatnak le SAC i remhdaihnak tuahding sawmmi cu a rak let hna. Cu hnu tlawmpal ah, KNU headquarters theihter lo in Myanmar Army Forces ni March 27 ah KNLA nih Hnapun district i ralkap sakhan pakhat cu an lak[vi]. Cu thawk cun ralhrang le KNU kar i dohnak cu a fak chin. Hruaining i khat lo ruang ah KNU brigade pa (7) lakah Brigade (5) nih hin ralhrang hi fakbik in an doh ti a si.

 

KNU chung ah ralkap uknak lakmi lehnak kong he pehtlai in ruahnak phun hnih a um; chairman Padoh Saw Mutu Say Poe nih " hriamtlai dothlennak si lo in ton biaruahnak in remhdaihnak in lehding" a duh lio ah KNU hruaitu dang nih cun hriam in doh ve ding an duh. Tc, Dooplaya district i KNU chairman Saw Shwe Maung te nih cun PDF an cohlan i, ral tukning an chimh hna. Hi ti’n ruahnak i dannak kong he pehtlai in KNU member pakhat nih a chimmi cu, "Congress meeting tuah i a thawngthami Central Committee ser a hau. NCA kong chim rih te pawl hi cu a si kho hrim lo”, a ti. Caan a hung kal deuh tikah KNU cu NUG le NUCC hna he an kut an i tlai ti lawng si lo in Kachin, Karenni le Chin hna he ralkawi “K3C” an ser ti hna[vii]. Atawinak in kan chim ahcun ralkap uknak lak hnu KNU dirhmun cu an buu chung ah ralhrang lehrulhning an i dang hna.  Hi ti an i dannak cu an structure ruang ah a si kho. An lehrulhning i dang hmanh sehlaw ralhrang uknak a duhmi an um lo. Bu thar i thennak a chuah ca ah KNU thazaang bal tam tuk a zor lai a fiang ko. Khatte lei ah,  KNU nih NUG le NUCC ah rank sang an la duh lo nain NUG Prime Minister cu Karen miphun a si. Cu leng ah, PDF le NUG pawl tlun inn an onhmi hna hmuh khawh a si. Cucaah, pakhatnak ah fiangte in hmuh khawhmi cu KNU i a thazaang cu Myanmar ram ca ah a biapimi a si rih ko timi hi a si. Pahnihnak, ahlan bantuk in thennak nih a den than hna ti hmuh khawh a si.

---- A dih cang------

Cherhchan

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[i] Bertil Lintner. Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948.

[ii]Karen News: Kawthoolei Army: How a broken system and a disrespect for the rules of law in the KNU gave birth to another armed group in Karen State. Accessed on - https://karennews.org/2022/08/kawthoolei-army-how-a-broken-system-and-a-disrespect-for-the-rules-of-law-in-the-knu-gave-birth-to-another-armed-group-in-karen-state/

[iii] Lian Hmung Sakhong and Paul Keenan, Ending Ethnic Armed Conflict in Burma. Published bu BCES (now CDES)

[iv] Mg Mg Soe. KNU/KNLA ကရင်တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင်တပ်ဖွဲ့ .
 Accessed on: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1922382777924632&set=pb.100004587841844.-2207520000.&type=3

[v]Aljazeera. How the Karen became crucial to Myanmar’s anti-coup resistance  Accessed on https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/6/holdmyanmar-how-the-karen-became-crucial-to-the-resistance

[vi]Yee Myo Hein. One Year On: THe Momentum of Myanmar's Armed Rebellion Accessed on: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/ASIA_220519_1YearOn-BRIEF_V1r2.pdf

[vii]Mizzima. Myanmar NUG- EROs under pressure and how to preserve it. Accessed on https://mizzima.com/article/myanmar-nug-eros-alliance-under-pressure-and-how-preserve-it

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