စကားေၿပာေလ့လာပါ၊

이름이 뭐요?

မင္း နာမည္ ဘယ္လုိေခါိလဲ။
저 찬 이라고 합니다.
က်ေနာ့္ ခ်န္လုိ့ ေခါိပါတယ္။

어디에서 왔어요?
ဘယ္ကေန လာတာလဲ။

미얀마에서 왔어요.
ၿမန္မာနုိ္င္ငံကေန လာပါတယ္။

한국에 뭐하세요?
ကုိရီးယားမွာ ဘာလုပ္တာလဲ။
공부하고 있습니다.
ေက်ာင္းတက္ပါတယ္။

언제까지 공부하려고 해요?
ဘယ္ေလာက္ထိ ေက်ာင္းတက္မွာလဲ။
내년까지 공부하려 해요
ေနာက္ႏွစ္ထိ ပါ။
(ဒီေနရာမွာ 공부하다 က ေက်ာင္းတက္သည္ လုိ့ သုံးလုိက္ပါတယ္။)

전공은 뭐에요?
ဘာ ေမဂ်ာလဲ။
수학 입니다.
သခ်ၤာပါ။
여자찬구 있어요?
ေကာင္မေလး (ေဆာ္) ရွိလား၊

여자친구 없어요.
ေဆာ္ မရွိပါဘူးွဗ်ာ..

잘 생겼는데 왜 없어요?
ရုပ္ေၿဖာင့္ေပမယ့္ ဘာလုိ့ မရွိတာလဲ။
저도 몰라요.
က်ေနာ္လည္း  မသိဘူးဗ်ာ..

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ပုိက္ဆံမကုန္ဘဲနဲ့ ဝင္ၾကည့္လို႔ ရတဲ့ ဆိုာလ္းျမဳိ႕ထဲက ေနရာမ်ား

၁။ ကိုရီးယားစစ္ပြဲ အထိမ္းအမွတ္ျပတိုက္ (The War Memorial of Korea)

၀င္ေပါက္နားက စစ္သည္ေတာ္မ်ား

၁၉၉၄ကေန စၿပီ ဖြင့္လင့္ထားတဲ့ ျပတိုက္ျဖစ္တယ္။ စစ္ပြဲတုန္းက ျဖစ္ပ်က္ခဲသမွ်ကို မွတ္တမ္းတင္ၿပီး၊ ဓာတ္ပုံ၊ ဗိဒီယိုႏွင့္ အ႐ုပ္လိုမ်ဳီးႏွင့္ ၾကည့္လိုရပါတယ္။ ႏွစ္စဥ္ ႏိူင္ငံျခားခရီးသြားေတြ အၿမဲတမ္းလာတဲ့ေနရာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ စစ္ပြဲတုန္းက အသုံးျပဳခဲ့တဲ့ ေလယာဥ္ေတြ၊ေမာ္ေတာ္ကားေတြ၊ ေသနတ္ေတြႏွင့္ တျခားပစၥည္းမ်ားကိုလည္း ၾကည္ရႈ့ႏိူင္ပါတယ္။ သမိုင္းထဲက ျဖစ္ပ်က္ခဲသမွ်ကို ကိုယ့္ေတြ႕ ေလ့လာလို႔ရတဲ့ေနရာမို႔ အခ်ိန္ရွိရင္ သြားဖို႔ မေမ့ၾကပါနဲ႔။

လိပ္စာ: War Memorial of Korea, 29 Itaewon-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul

၂။  ဘုန္းကဲလ္စာ ဘုန္းႀကီးေက်ာင္း ( Bongeunsa Temple)

Seoul ရဲ႕ ျမဳိ႕သစ္လို႔ လူမ်ားသိတဲ့ သူေငွးႀကီးမ်ားေနထိုင္ရာ ကန္နမ္(Gangnam) ျမဳိ႕ အလယ္မွာ တည္ထားတဲ့ ဘုန္ႀကီးေက်ာင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီဘုန္းႀကီးေက်ာင္းဟာ ကိုရီးယားႏိူင္ငံထဲမွာအႀကီးဆုံးေက်ာင္းလို ဆိုၾကတဲ့သူမ်ားလည္း ရွိတယ္။ လြန္ခဲေသာ ေအဒီ ၇၉၄ (ရွီလား ေခတ္) မွာ တည္ထားတဲ့ ေက်ာင္းျဖစ္လို႔၊ အဲဒီခ်ိန္ခါရဲ႕ ပညာႏွင့္ တည္ေဆာက္ပုံ ေတြ႕ႏိူင္ပါတယ္။

လိပ္စာ: Bongeunsa, 531- Bongeunsa-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul

၃။  ေခ်ာ္ကဲေခ်ာ္ ေခ်ာင္း (Cheong Gye Cheon Stream)

ျမန္မာလို ဒီေနရာ နာမည္ကို အေတာ္ေလး စဥ္စားရတယ္ 😂😂. Cheong Gye Cheon က ေခ်ာင္းကေလး ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အရည္က ကီလိုမိတာ ၁၀.၉ျဖစ္ၿပီ၊ ဆိုာလ္း ျမဳိ႕တြင္း လူစည္းကားရာ ေနရာက ေခ်ာင္းကေလး ျဖစ္တယ္။ ေခ်ာင္းရဲ႕ ေဘးႏွစ္ဘက္လူမွာ လူသြားလမ္းရွိၿပီး၊ လမ္းေလွ်ာက္လို႔လည္းရပါတယ္။ ေႏြရာသီမွာ ဆိုရင္ ဒီေနရာဟာ လူေတြ အသြားဆုံးေနရာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

၄။  နမ္ဆန္း ေမွ်ာ္စင္ (Namsan (Seoul) Tower)

ဒီ ေမွွာ္စင္ကို က်ေနာ္ ငါးႀကိမ္ေလာက္ ေရာက္ဖူးၿပီ။ တစ္ကယ္ကို မ႐ိုးႏိူင္တဲ့ေနရာ ျဖစ္တယ္။ ၁၉၈၀ေက်ာ္ေလာက္က ဖြင့္လွစ္တဲ့ေမွ်ာ္စင္ ျဖစ္ၿပီ၊ ႏိူင္ငံျခားခရီးသြား တင္မကဘဲ ကိုရီယားႏိူင္ငံသားမ်ားပါ အမ်ားႀကီးလာၾကတဲ့ေနရာ ျဖစ္တယ္။ ဆိုလ္ျမဳိ႕ရဲ႕ လွပတဲ့ရႈခင္းကို ျမင္ႏိူင္၊ ၾကည္ရႈႏိူင္႐ုံတင္မကဘဲ စားစရာ၊ ၾကည့္စရာေတြလညး္ ရွိတယ္။

လိပ္စာ: Namsan, Hoehyeon-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul

၅။ ဟန္ျမစ္ေဘးက ပန္းျခံ  (Yeouido Hangang Park)

အဓိကအားျဖင့္ ေႏြမွာ လူေတြ သြားၾကတယ္။ ရႈခင္းက လွ႐ုံတင္မကဘဲ၊ စက္ဘီးပါ ငွားစီးလို႔ရၿပီ ဟိုသြားဒီသြား ၾကည့္လို႔ေလ ရတယ္။ ၄လပိုင္းမွာ ခ်ယ္ရီေတြ အျပည့္ပြင့္တဲ့ေနရာ ျဖစ္တယ္။ ဒီေနရာကေတာ့ လူေတြ သန္းေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ လာေလ့ရွိတဲ့ေနရာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

ဒါအျပင္

Lotte World Tower

ဧၿပီလ ၃၊ ၂၀၁၇ မွာ ဖြင့္လွစ္ထားတဲ့ ကိုရီးယားမွာ အျမင့္ဆုံး ေမွ်ာ္စင္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၁၂၃ထပ္ရွိၿပီး၊ ခုတေလာ လူေတြ တအား သြားၾကတဲ့ေနရာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီေနရာကေတာ့ ဝင္ေၾကးေပးရပါတယ္ 

လိပ္စာ: 300 Olympic-ro, Jamsil 6(yuk)-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul

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Hong Kong Ramkhel le Hmailei Lamthluan..!

Hong Kong ram Tuanbia 

Hong Kong cu "Queen Victoria nih a hruaimi Mirang nih a lak hlan ahcun China ram i tikulh pakhat te khi arak si i, China pennak tang ah kum 2,000 leng a rak ummi arak si.  Mirang le China karlak ral i dohnak "First Opium War" timi hi 1839 - 1842 tiang a rak um. Bristish nih China i Hong Kong a lak cu Jan. 25, 1841 ah arak si.

Opium War ci zei a si? : Opium War cu phun hnih in tthen in first opium war le second opium war tiah ti a si. Hi ral cu Tuluk le Mirang an i dohmi kha a si i, Victoria siangpahrang nu chan le Qing siangpahrang uknak chan lio i, ral a si. Avoikhatnak Opium war cu 1839, march 18 in 1842, Aug. 29 tiang a rak si. Mirang ralkap 69 leng le Tuluk ralkap 18,000 leng an thi lai tiah an ruah damh. A phi chuak cu China ram i, sangphalawng dinhnak pa nga le Hongkong cu Mirang nih Tuluk sin in a lak.  Avoih hninnak Opium war cu 1856, Oct. 23 in 1860, Oct.18 tiang a si. Hi tan ral tuk cu phundang in "Arrow War" ti zong in an kawh. Hi tan ahhin France zong a rak thlak ve. Nithlak ram (France le British) ralkap hi 2,900 le Tuluk ralkap 12,000 in 30,000 karlak hi an thi lo tiah an ruahdamh hna. Mirang nih tlanglei Kowloon le nitlak lei hmunhma hna chawlet chawhrawl an rak lak kho. An teinak khua hna i, Tuluk siangpahrang inn hna cu an rak duah dih hna. 

Figure 1, Opium war lio hmanthlak

Atawinak in kan chim ahcun hi ral tuknak cu nitlak ram (Netherland, British le France) te pawl nih  Asia ram trade tuah an duh lio ah  arak thawng ngaimi China i Qing Empire he an rak dohmi khi a rak si. Hongkong arak lak bal hi cu British nih China cu a ral in a nenh tuk cang ca ah Queen Victoria aiawh le Daoguang Emperor of China cu an i tong i ram hnih karlak biakam minthut (treaty) an rak tuah i, "The Treaty of Nanking" tiah an rak auh.  Nanking biakam nih British trade tuahnak ca sangpahrang (port) dinhnak pa 5 arak onhmi fawn (A cung i kan tialmi kha).  Hi hmun 5 in China a lutmi hi hi lio China i a lutmi ramdang thil kuat i 5% arak si. Mirang bawi ( Ahmun ah ummi) nih rammi (China) he biaruahnak an ngei hnu ah British nih an tlaihmi vialte thongtla vialte an thlah dih hna, A tawinak in cun hi hmun i ummi pawl thinlung kha British nih a lak khawh cang tinak a si. Hi thawk in Hong Kong cu China ta in British ta ah aa chuak.  Cun, Qing cozah (China) nih hin British sinah kum 3 chung ah ral ruang i pekmi leiba 21 million silver dollar a rak ngei chap. Afoinak in Namking biakam nih hin China hi harnak a rak pek peng i, an ram tiang arak sung phah. 1898 ah Hong Kong hlanak biakam (lease) cu kum 99 chan asau. ( Kallie Szczepanski, The First and Second War)

figure 2, British Hong Kong pennak

Hong Kong Island- It was given to Britain after the First Opium War Kowloon - It was Received after the 2nd Opium War ,Outlying Islands - Taken in Sino-Japanese war

British Hong Kong Dirhmun :  Hong Kong cu British kut in Japan nih 1941- 1945 tiang ( kum 4) chung arak pen tak ve. Ralpi pahnih i Japan a sungh hnu ah British nih Hong Kong cu a hlawm tthan. Cu a si ca ah Britsh nih Hong Kong hi China sinah a chanh kum 1997 in ri phih in kan tuak ahcun British nih Hongkong a pen hi kum 150 hrawng (1842 -1997) can a si nain Namking Treaty min thut kha kum 99 ca ah a si I, 1898 in aa thawk. British nih Hong Kong arak uk ah democracy phung in arak hmang lo. Hong Kong ah democracy a len cu 1980 hrawng in aa thawk chommi arak si i, anmah te in thimnak an tuah. Hi hlan cu London nih Governer athim piak i, a pen in arak pen. US president Franklin Roosvelt nih hin  British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sinah Hongkong hi China sin pek ding a rak forh. Nain, Churchill nih a duh lo.  US nih British hi caan saupi tiang Hong Kong luatnak kong ah pressure arak pek.  1984, Dec.19 ah British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher le Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang cu "Sino- British Joint Declaration" an rak tuah i, British nih Hong Kong cu China sinah pek ding hnatlaknak an ngei.  Hi hnatlaknak ahhin Hong Kong cu SAR (Special Administrative Region) ti a si lai ti a si. British nih official taktak in a pek cu 1997 khan a si. Phundang in cun 1997 ahhin "Hong Kong cu independence a co" ti khawh zong a si.

China he fonh lai Hongkong Dirhmun: Kum 2000 leng China he ramkhat a simi cu British nih a pen kum 150 te ah Hong Kong cu tam tuk aa thleng. Hong Kong cu tikulh a si i, sangphalawng in chawlet chawhrawl tuahnak a thatnak te a si ca ah Brtish nih hin kum 99 biakam a lonh hnu zong ah arak thlah duh lo. China sin i, "One Country, two system" si ding British nih biakam a rak tuah ahhin Hong Kong rammi pawl hi an lung arak si lem lo. 1949 i Communist nih China vialte a uk dih lio ah Nationalists timi Guamintang thong tampi hi Hong Kong ah an rak zamh len. 1960- 1970  ahcun Beijing cozah  kong hi Hong Kong ah thawng tampi theih le hngalh khawh a rak si.(The Guadian).

1976 ah China, Communist hruaitu (China cu party  pakhat nih a ukmi ram a si, Party leader kha ram hruaitu a si) Mao Zedong cu a thi. Deng Xiaoping 1978 ah  "Openning and refrom" cu China hruaitu a hung si i, amah ruang ah China cu arak thangcho ngaingai. British nih hin kum 99 a dih tikah pehchap in Hong Kong pen kha an rak duh ko nain Deng Xiaopeng nih a rak duh lo. Leng ah, a cung i ka langhter cang bantuk in international mit nih British kha Hong Kong thlah ding a fial lio caan a si. Hi bantuk ruang tete ruang ah British nih Hong Kong a pek tthannak hi a si ti, a si. Sinain, Hong Kong mi nih China hi an rak zum kho lo. Ahlei in 1989 lio Tiananmen Square i a rak chuakmi democracy duhtu siangngakchia pawl rak thahnak kong ruang ah a si. Hi Tiananmen Square thil cang ruang ah million 1 leng Hong Kong mi nih Hong Kong ah an ngaihchiatnak an langhter, China cozah cu an rak mawh chiat. 

Figure 3, China cozah nih 1989 ah Tiananmen  Square, Beijing  ah Democracy duh tu siangngakchia 

pawl tank in an rak kah hna lio. 

Hong Kong British governer, Chris Patten nih 1994 ah Hong Kong ah democractic reform a rak tuah i, 1995 ah legislative elections an rak tuah. Hi lio i bia a rak chuakmi cu , " British nih Hong Kong hi democracry ram si ding a sau tuk a hngah, athlah lo ," ti a si. Amah China hrim nih Hong Kong British cozah hi arak mawh chiat. Hi ruang ah ram pahnih pehtlaihnak arak ttha lem lo i, Hong Kong mi tampi cu Canada rammi sinak le British rammi sinak an rak sok len. 1997 July 1 ah Hongkong cu SAR (Special Administrative region) of China a hung si. Phundang in "One Country, two system" cu Hongkong le China kar ah aa thawk ti khawh a si.

Hong Kong Hmailei Kong i Biakam

Hong Kong kong ah China le British nih biakamnak an ngeihmi cu "One country, two system" dot tang tete ah,

1. Hongkong cu mah te aa ukmi a si lai. ramdang he pehtlaihnak le defence affairs kong dah ti lo China nih tuhnu kum 50 tiang aa thlak lai lo.
2. Amah te in upadi aa ngeih lai.
3. Party tampi a ummi ramkhel  riantuannak a ngeimi a si lai .
4. Zalong te in chim phuan khawhnak le zalong te in i ton pumhnak a ngei kho lai." ti bantuk hna hi hnatlaknak an ngeimi cu a si. (BBC)
   ----

Hong Kong le China Buainak

Hong Kong rammi nih China nih Hong Kong a nawl ngeihnak kong ah aa thlak tuk timi ruang tete hin an ram ah China duh lonak langhternak tete hi arak um lengmang. Cucu 1989 i Tiananmen Square te khan arak si cang. 2002 ah tuahmi democracy ram an si kum 5nak lomh puai  ah China President Jiang Zemin nih Hong Kong i lomhnak puai cu a va lomhpi hna. Hi tan ahhin Hong Kong Chief executive, Tung Chee-hwa a duh lomi cu  mibuu cu lamcung ah sandah an rak piah. Hi ruang ah China President Jiang Zemen nih "Hong Kong cozah nih na rammi kong ah rian ttha te in tuan u, " China a kir bak in a rak ti hna. Tung hruainak an duh lonak bik cu  ministers 14 hi amah duh te in a thim ca ah a si, an ti. ( The Guadian).

Biatak te in China kong ah Hong Kong ram chung i buainak a chuah cu 2014 in mino deuh  nih cun kan hngalhmi a si. Hihi an buaibiknak cu Beijing nih Hong Kong hruaitu luban (Chief Executive) thimding le candidates aa zuam ding paoh kha Beijing nih approve ta lai timi ruang te ah a si. Cucu duh lonak langhter pawl nih Direct democracy a hrawhtu a si an ti. Hi phugn cu China ca ah a si an ti. Amah Hong Kong ram chung hrimhrim ahhin China uartu hi an um pah ngai  ruang ah Hong Kong mibuu cu :

1.  China a uar mi ( Kan i fonh dih awk a si cang ko)
2.  Hongkong i a nawl ngeihnak cu amah ta a si ko 

ti'n phu hnih in an um.

2019, July thla,

Tuzarh hrawng i buainak cu "Extradition law" timi "A sualmi pakhatkhat kha ram (ramdang) sinah kuat, hluai ding" timi kha Hong Kong cozah nih cohlan a zalh ca ah a chuakmi a si i, July 13 tiang ahcun duh lonak langhternak an tuahning hi a fak chin duahmah. Minung 79 tluk cu duh lonak an langhter ruang ah palik nih fak tuk in an kham i, hma an pu cang (CNN). Mitthli thlakter khotu gas (fired tear gas) in an cheh hna. Hong Kong hruaitu nu Carrie Lam nih cun hi "Extration law" cu kan herhmi hrimhrim a si ca ah an doh zong ah kan tuah hrimhrim ko lai a ti.  

Figure 4, No China extradition tiah do autu

Aruang cu:
" Hi law hi a buaibai ngai ti ka hngal ko nain Hongkong cu misual pawl tliknak ram dirhmun in  kilven khawhnak ah hihi tuah ahau," a ti.

Do autu hna nih an chim ve mi cu hi law a pass ahcun Hong Kong ramkhel kong ah China aa thlak tuk lai. Nihin i kan ngeihmi zalonnak hna hi an lo tlau dih lai, an ti.

Hi bantuk i, cozah le rammi karlak i lung i khah lonak a um ruang ah atu bantuk in Hong Kong ram cu  do-aunak a um lio pi a si.

Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam 

What will happen after 2047?

British le China biakam mi "Hong Kong kong i kum 50" timi cu kum 2047 ah a tling lai. Hi tikah Hong Kong cu nihin bantuk ram si lo in China ram chung i, pengtlang pakhat menmen a si te lai. 

Hongkong cu 1,106 km2 a kau i, minung 7.392 million (2017, World Bank) an umnak ram a si. Chin State cu 36,019km2 a kau ca ah Hong Kong cu Chin State nakin a let in  bi deuh.

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Reference:

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-anniversary-history/chronology-timeline-of-156-years-of-british-rule-in-hong-kong-idUSSP27479920070627
2. Cheng, Joseph Y.S. "The Future of Hong Kong: A Hong Kong 'Belonger's' View." International Affairs 58.3 (1982): 476–88. Print.
3. Fung, Anthony Y.H., and Chi Kit Chan. "Post-Handover Identity: Contested Cultural Bonding Between China and Hong Kong." Chinese Journal of Communication 10.4 (2017): 395–412. Print.
4. Li, Kui-Wai. "Chapter 18—Hong Kong 1997–2047: The Political Scene." "Redefining Capitalism in Global Economic Development." Academic Press, 2017. 391–406. Print.
5. Maxwell, Neville. "Sino-British Confrontation over Hong Kong." Economic and Political Weekly 30.23 (1995): 1384–98. Print.
6. Meyer, Karl E. "The Opium War's Secret History." The New York Times, June 28, 1997. Print.
7. Tsang, Steve. "A Modern History of Hong Kong." London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 2007. Print.
8. Yahuda, Michael. "Hong Kong's Future: Sino-British Negotiations, Perceptions, Organization and Political Culture." International Affairs 69.2 (1993): 245–66. Print.
9. Yip, Anastasia. "Hong Kong and China: One Country, Two Systems, Two Identities." Global Societies Journal 3 (2015). Print.
10. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/01/china1
11. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-40426827
12. https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/hong-kong-protests-june-12-intl-hnk/index.html

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Yoshida Tlaihtleng

Yoshida Doctorine cu ralpi 2 hnu in Japan Prime Minister Yoshida Shegeru nih Japan ram economic thancho ding he pehtlai in a chuahmi tlaihtleng a si. Hi lio caan cu international politics le ram chung security kong ah US he an um tti lio caan a si ca ah Japan cu hna ngam te in an um caan kha a si i, tlaihtleng nih aa timhbik mi cu "Economic lei thancho i, ram pumpi resource tampi chuahternak ca ah well trained worker pawl kha support tuah a si. Hi Doctrine cu ram chung lawng si lo in foreign policy tiang in a karh.

Backgroud:

Japan hi ralpi 2 nak an sung nain an ram cozah a rawk lo. 1946 ah election an tuah. Hi tan election hi Japan nu pawl ahmasabik vote an pek khawh caan a si. Yoshida Shegeru nih teinak a hmuh ca ah Prime minister a hun ttuan. Amah a kai tlawmpal bak ah an ram hmannmi "Meiji Constitution" cu an uar lo chin duahmah ca ah SCAP timi constitution zohchungtu phu an rak ser. November 1946 ah Constitution thar cu phungning in an cohlan i, 1947 may thla thawk in an hman i nihin tiang an hman beh. Hi Constitution i a biapi bik cu article 9 i a ummi hi a si. Cucu " The japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of nation" ti a si. Article 9 ruang ahhin Japan ram nih security kong nakin a ram i economic lei thancho ding hi aa zuam deuh (Hi lio caan cu Military ca ah GDP 1% lonh lo ding dan rak tat lio kha a si).  Hi bantuk sullam cu Japan nih US kha aa hngat ngaingai timi sullam a rak si. International politics issues le security kong ahcun US nih cover a rak tuah dih lawng si lo in trade an tuahmi hrim ah Japan i top export cu US hi arak si. 

Yoshida nih arak timh bikmi cu ral ruang i a rak tla mi sipuazi kai ter tthan i, Japan kha vawleicung ah tthawn tthan ding ti a rak si.  Amah kut tang ah Japan cu international level in a lian ngan i, vawleicung sipuazi tthabik ram 2nak tiang a rak si (China nih ahnu ah a chuh). Yoshida doctrince cu ralkap thazaang nakin sipuai zi kha pepek deuhmi a si.

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Sources:

1. Chansoria, Monika. "Relevance of the Yoshida Doctrine in Current U.S.-Japan Ties." Japan Today. GPlusMedia, 13 May 2014. Web.
2. Holcombe, C. (2011). A History of East Asia: From the origins of civilization to the twenty-first century (pp. 277-286). New York: Cambridge University Press.
3. Potter, David M. "Evolution of Japan's Postwar Foreign Policy." Nanzan University, 2008. Web. http://office.nanzan-u.ac.jp/cie/gaiyo/kiyo/pdf_09/kenkyu_03.pdf>.
4. Shigeru, Yoshida and Hiroshi Nara. (2007). Shigeru: Last Meiji Man. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-53932-7 ISBN 978-0-742-53933-4; OCLC 238440967
5. Potter, David M. "Evolution of Japan's Postwar Foreign Policy." Nanzan University, 2008. Web. http://office.nanzan-u.ac.jp/cie/gaiyo/kiyo/pdf_09/kenkyu_03.pdf>.
6. McGrew, Anthony and Christopher Book. (1998) Asia-Pacific in the New World Order. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-17272-1; OCLC 60184921
7. Shigeru, Yoshida and Hiroshi Nara. (2007). Shigeru: Last Meiji Man. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-53932-7; 

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