South Korea Ramkhel Nih A Tonmi Harnak

South Korea cu 1987 in democracy lam lei a panh i, 2023 in democracy a sinak kum 36 a si cang. Kum 36 an si cang nain harnak khat lak an tong, a fek cangmi democracy ram hna ah democracy cawnnak an tuah. An ram a lu le a taw an mersuan. Har ngai in kum 36 an kal chung ah President a ṭuan balmi hna lak Park Quen Hye, Lee Myung Bak, Roh Myo Hun ti bantuk hna hi thongthlak an tong bal. An society ah i khah lonak a karh phaisa ngei nih an ngei chin lio ah, sifak nih an si a fak chin. Cucucah, Cozah thar an kai fatin social issue a simi inn man le inn hlan man, nihlawh kaih le kaih lo ti bantuk kha biapi ah an ruat. Cun, kum saupi South Korea nih top agenda ah a ruah zungzalmi cu North Korea he pehtlaihnak kong hi a si. Hi 1987 hnu South Korea ram kong he pehtlai in South Korea political scientist pawl nih an an ṭialmi capar, thesis pawl ka relmi cu atanglei bantuk in ka rung langhter.

 

President rian ngolter ding timi a duh lomi hna sandah piah lio

Professor Suh Byung Hoon (Songsil University). “ Toward A Balanced Democracy in Korea”

   Korea society ah amak ngaimi pakhat cu phaisa tumtlang kum saupi i khon hnu ah thilri ṭhaṭha i cawk hmanmi hi a si. Zei ruang ah ṭhanchonak ah silo in thilri cawknak ah khonmi phaisa an hman hnga ti hi khuaruahhar a si ko. Sifak le mirum ikhah lonak hi, hi bantuk ziaza nih a chuahpi. Korea ram ah democracy a ṭhan a nuarhnak cu Korean mipi nih democracy ah a biapimi mipi thazaang kha ahlei hluat in an zumh ca ah a si. A bik in Korea society hi zoh tikah pumpak zalonnak (individual freedom) nakin buu/ sang ca ah a biatak deuh. T.c, Korea society ahcun Kei – Kan tiah sullam a ngeimi “I/My- Na/Jaw” nakin “Our- Uri” kha an hman deuh; Uri Nara- 우리 나아/ 우리 동내. Hi bantuk ruang ah Liberalism a ṭha a der i, pumpak freedom kha a zor. Cucaah, Korea ram ah pumpak nih democracy an tehning hi a thawtnak a tling lo. Hi bantuk pawl phisin khawhnak ding ahcun democratic participation le political expertise ah lu hlinh in rian ṭuan deuh ahau. Lungsau te in cu lam in kal ahcun democracy thawtnak tling Korea ram ah a chuak te ko lai.

Professor Kim Sung-ho (Yonsei University). “The Constitutional Soul of Korea’s Democracy”

   Democracy cu Constitutionalism (phung zulh) a si tiah tiah a ruat i, 1997 ah President a rak i cuhmi Lee Hoi Chang timi pa arak um. Amah le amah cu “Mr. Rules of Law” arak i ti nain Roh Moo-hyun nih arak tei. Roh Moo Hyun chan cu constitutional court nih cozah policies tuahnak ah a uk hna tikah thim lomi Court nawl in ram an rak i hruai deuh. Cucaah, Constitutionalism is not democracy” a si ṭhan. Hi ruang ah mipi nih Constitution Court rian ṭuanning an rak au hnawh. Hitin a cannak cu Roh Moo Hyun president performance chiat ruang ah a si. Ahnu ah RMH cu 2014 March 12 ah hluttaw nih impeachment an tuah i, MP 271 chung ah 193 nih caan karlak rian dinhterding hnatlaknak an tuah.

   Cucaah, RMH nih cun amah a supporter hna sinah “citizen revolution” thawhding a forh hna. Kum tlawmpal a liam tikah Hluttaw thimnak an tuah i, RMH te parṭi nih teinak an hmuh. Cu hnu cun, cozah le hluttaw karah rianṭuan khawh deuh a hung si. RMH aa dinh hnu ah biachuah vai cu biaceihzung nih RMH a sualnak an thuhpiak ti bantuk tiang in a si. Cucaah, Korea ramkhel zoh tikah hluttaw, cozah, biaceihzung hna parti pakhat nih or President nih tlaih khawh kha rian lanhpinak ding ca ah rak biapi tukmi a si tiah alang. Cucaah, RMH chan i cawn awk cu democracy i, balancing le constitutional aa pehtlaihnak kha a si. Model : Roh Supporter => Hluttaw/Cozah/ Biaceihzung power tlaih => Rian ṭuan khawh

Professor Kim Min- jeoung (University of Seoul). Women’s Participation in Politics

   Korea nu pawl cu thlang lamh deuhmi nunphung ruang ah sianginn ca cawnnak, rian ṭuannak le ramkhel ti bantuk ah i telning pa he tahchunh ahcun a rak tlawm hringhran. 1970 hnu in cun sianghleiruun ah nu pawl kaining rate a karh, 1990 ah 53% in 2007 ahcun 61% a karh. Politics ah nu pawl nih tel arak harnak cu cozah nih an rak sermi structure pawl ruang ah a si; pa cu khua an ruat kho deuh, ral tuk an ṭhawng deuh. Nu hi zatlang ah thlanglamh deuh an si ca ah party candidate or President candidate an rak tling kho lo. 1970 ah thim ningcang aa thlen ruang ah nu hna cu thimnak ah an lut hna. Kum 2000 a hun lonh tikah Korean Leaguge for Women an the Union of Women ti bantuk tiang in nu hna cawlcanghnak cu hmunhma a hung la. 2013 ah Park Quen Hye cu President a tling, nu tuanbia a ṭial. 2022 President thimnak ah nu candidate an i tel. Hi bantuk sining ruang ah nu hna i, ramkhel tel tumnak cu hlan lio zatlang nunphung ruang ah thlanglamh rak si hman hna sehlaw democracy an si deuhdeuh percentage in an kai deuhdeuh timi kha hmuh khawh a si.

Professor Kim Min- jeoung (University of Seoul). Women’s Participation in Politics

   Korea nu pawl cu thlang lamh deuhmi nunphung ruang ah sianginn ca cawnnak, rian ṭuannak le ramkhel ti bantuk ah i telning pa he tahchunh ahcun a rak tlawm hringhran. 1970 hnu in cun sianghleiruun ah nu pawl kaining rate a karh, 1990 ah 53% in 2007 ahcun 61% a karh. Politics ah nu pawl nih tel arak harnak cu cozah nih an rak sermi structure pawl ruang ah a si; pa cu khua an ruat kho deuh, ral tuk an ṭhawng deuh. Nu hi zatlang ah thlanglamh deuh an si ca ah party candidate or President candidate an rak tling kho lo. 1970 ah thim ningcang aa thlen ruang ah nu hna cu thimnak ah an lut hna. Kum 2000 a hun lonh tikah Korean Leaguge for Women an the Union of Women ti bantuk tiang in nu hna cawlcanghnak cu hmunhma a hung la. 2013 ah Park Quen Hye cu President a tling, nu tuanbia a ṭial. 2022 President thimnak ah nu candidate an i tel. Hi bantuk sining ruang ah nu hna i, ramkhel tel tumnak cu hlan lio zatlang nunphung ruang ah thlanglamh rak si hman hna sehlaw democracy an si deuhdeuh percentage in an kai deuhdeuh timi kha hmuh khawh a si.

Professor Jin Young Jea (Yonsei University). The Strengths and the weakness of government system in Korea

   1987 Constitution nih democracy suttung tung (3) lakah Legislature branch hi power tam tuk arak pek hna. Tax, budget, public kong aa pehtlaimi investigate tuahnak nawl, cozah zung investigate tuahnak nawl, President siloah cozah official hna kha rian phawt siloah impeachment tuah khawhnak power tiang arak ngei. Executive branch nih cun policy making, leadership, bureaucracy cawlcanghnak, ti bantuk lei kha ṭuanvo a lak ve. President nih Prime Minister le Minister pawl khanhnak nawl a ngeih bantuk in dinhternak nawl zong a ngei. President Kim Yong Sam (1993- 98) chan ahcun Prime Minister hi thla 10 ah pakhat in an thlen hna.

   Biaceihzung (Judicial branch) bawi cu President nih a thim i, hluttaw nih cohlanpiak a si ve. Nain, Judicial branch an nawl ngeihnak cu democracy a fekmi ram he tahchunh ahcun a niam ngaingai. Cucaah, a biapi in cun cozah le hluttaw hi an i suu tawn. President hi kum (5) in term khat ca lawng thim a si lio ah MP cu kum (4) ca term limit lo in thim khawh a si. Election period aa khat lo tikah cozah le hluttaw karah buainak tete a um tawn. A bik in President parṭi nih hluttaw ah teinak an hmuh lo tikah President nih a duhmi policy agenda an nunter kho ti lo. Cu bantuk in hluttaw ah ruling party kha President parti he an i dan ahcun agenda nunter ahar ve. Cu bantuk dirhmun an phak ahcun “Party Government Consulative Meeting”an tuah i, hluttaw le cozah kha an peh tonh hna.

Professor Seo Hyun Jin (Sungsin Women’s University). Controversy Over President Term

   President cu 1987 phunghram ning in term khat kum 5 lawng ṭuanding ti, a si. Sihmansehlaw, a cheukhat President nih cun U.S bantuk in term hnih peh hi a ṭha ko tiah an rak ruah ca ah phunghram remhding arak i timmi an rak um. Cu lakah, Roh Moo Hyun nih term khat kum (4) in term hnih peh khawhding agenda a rak chuahmi nain Korea mipi le Korea politician nih an ruah cio tikah an rak cohlang lo. Cucu agenda cu hluttaw nih postpone an rak tuahpiak, President nih ahnu ah a agenda a hrawh ṭhan. Term sauh an duh lonakbik a ruang cu hramhram uknak authoritarian kut tang kan phan sual lai timi ruang ah a si. Korea ram ahhin 1948 in President cu term khat kum 4 in term hnih peh khawhding an rak ti. Sihmansehlaw, President Rhee Syng Man nih term limit mi phung a remh i, term 4 tiang a rak peh. Cu ruang ah ram buainak a rak chuak i, Park Chung Hee nih 1961 May 16 ah ralkap thazaang hmang in uknak a lak. Park Chung Hee uknak lak hnu 1962 thawk in President term cu kum 4 voikhat term khat in unlimited a si i, amah cu term 4 tiang arak peh ve. 1979 October 26 ah an thah ca ah amah achangtu ralbawi Chun Doo Hwan chan ahcun President tuan caan cu kum (7) a hung si. Sihmansehlaw, 1987 ah aa thlengmi ramkhel ruang ah phunghram thar a chuak. Cu 1987 phunghram in cun president cu term khat kum 5 lawng ṭuan khawh a hung si. Kum (5) term khat a ṭuan cangmi President hna cu; Roh Tae Woo, Kim Yong Sam, Kim Dae jung, Roh Moo Myun, Lee Myung Bak, Park Quen Hey, Moon Jae in le Yoon Seok-yeol (tulio) hna hi an si.

Professor Lim Seong-ho (Kyung Hee University). Creating Balanced President – Assembly Relations

   Korea ram ah hluttaw pakhat a um i, National Assembly (NS) tiah an auh. President umnak cu Korea holh in 청 와대 an ti, Mirang holh in Blue House (BH) ti a si. 1979 hlan ahcun NS hi President nih tam tuk a rak control, MP appoint khawhnak power tiang in arak ngei. Opposite party cu an rak um ve ko nain power limit arak si. President le cozah chiatnak chim ahcun thongthlak khawh a si fawn. Authoritarian chan an si ca ah a si. Park Chung Hee a thih tikah Chun Doo Hwan nih Park Chung Hee model cu tam tuk arak follow nain public voice arak tam tuk ruang ah NS cu hlan bantuk in phung sernak ah an hmang kho ti lo. Cu hnu 1987 ah democracy ram an hung si ca ah ram pumpi phunghram thar an hung ngei. President ah ralbawi hlun Roh Tae Woo a hung si. 

   1987 phunghram ning in President le National Assembly power cu a cheu veve in ṭhen a si; Judicial branch cu phungning in rian an ṭuan deuh. RTW chan ah President le NS kar ah power conflict arak um ngai. Ralkap dohtu hna lei in Kim Yong Sam le Kim Dea-jung nih President an tlin tikah NS he pehtlainak a hung har chin. Nain, hi hna president pahnih cu charisma leader an timi an si hna ca ah public in mipi respect an rak hmuhning a lianngan ngaingai. Cu dih cun Roh Moo Hyun nih president a hun ṭuan tik ahcun NS le President karlak pehtlaihnak cu a chiakha chinchin. President party nih NS ah teinak an hmuh lo ca ah le President party kar ah lungrualnak a rak um lo ca ah a si. RMH cu impeach tiang an rak tuah i, caan tlawmpal power an lakpiak. Cu hnu ah NS election a um i, President RMH party nih an tei. Cu hnu ceo ah President le Blue house pehtlaihnak a ṭhangcho.

 

Professor Park Chan-wook (Seoul National University). Changing Patterns of Lawmaking in Korea

   1987 hnu i, National Assembly (NS) rian cu phunghram hman, phung thar ser le phung ṭha hlonh kha a tlangpi in a si. N.S ahhin phung serding biatung dirh duh tikah, MP nih agenda a ngeih ahcun hnatlakpi tu MP pa 10 + a ngei ahau. 2003 hlan ahcun MP 20 hnatlakpinak sign arak herh. NS nih phung an serning cu MP 10+ minthutnak in biatung cohlan (bill Introduction or bill member), Biatung kong ah purpose fianṭliang te in chim, phung serding or biatung he pehtlai in committee (bill committee) ser i, committee nih chuahpi mi cu general debate tuah. Cu dih cun a thlak ahcun N.A hall ah tuahmi meeting ah hnatlaknak lak a si. Hnatlaknak ngah lo sual ahcun MP 30 leng nih ni 7 chung ah hluttaw speaker sinah kherhhlai deuh ding nawl khawh ṭhan a si ve. N.A nih hnathlakmi cu Executive branch (President) sinah phung nunter ding lanhpi a si. President nih ni 15 chung ah hnatlak ahcun a nung. Sihmansehlaw, khuachel ahcun N.S chung ah MP cheuthum chung ah cheuhnih an pass mi bill a si ahcun phung ah Constitution ning in President nawl lo in a nung ve (limited).

Professor Yoo Seung-ik (Ajou University). Long road to representation in the Assembly

* 1948 in 2008 karlak

   Kum 60 (1948 -2008) karlak ah hluttaw National Assembly thimnak cu voi 17 tuah a si. N.S ah MP an tlawmbik caan cu 6^th Assembly ah MP 182 in arak si i, an tambik caan cu 14^th Asembly ah MP 342 an si. 1948 in 2008 tiang ah MP a ṭuanmi 4,415/ 4398 an si, democracy hmuh hnu 1987 in cun 1,594 an si. Nihin NS cu MP 300 an um. MP milu i, 80% cu direct in voting (First past the post (FPTP)) in an thim hna i, atangmi 20 % cu proportional representation (nationwide in an zoh) in an thim. MP hna i average kum cu 54 a si, kum hngakchiabik cu 5^th Assembly in kum 26 MP arak si (Nihin MP lakah a ngakchia bik cu Ryu Ho-jeong a si i, kum 27 a si, PR in an thim). Kum 60 chung ah nu MP 142 an chuak, nu hna MP sinak cu democracy si hnu ah tam tuk te a karhmi alang. MP hna chuahnak (birth place) peng le tlang in zoh tikah Yeongnam peng in MP tampi an chuak i, 1,436 an si. Cu dih cun, Honam peng (914), Chungcheong (666) ti in an si. University in zoh tikah Seoul National University in a dihmi in 1,040 (27.2%), Korea University 357 (9.3%) cu atam bik an si. Cu dih cun Military Academy sianginn le Yonsei University nih an zulh hna. Law major a lami nih MP an ṭuanbik. Cu hnu cun political science le diplomacy a cawngmi nih pahnihnak in a zulh. MP 1,670 cu ramdang ah sianginn a rak kai balmi an si. Cu hna lakah Japan sianginn kaimi (47%), US (40%) le China (5.6 %) an si. Kum 60 chung ah alangmi cu ramdang sianginn kai hna nih MP an ṭuanning rate hi a ṭumchuk. Cozah rian a ṭuan balmi hi 45% in MP an tling bik. MP term tam bik a ṭuanmi cu Kim Yong-sam, Park Joon-kyu le Kim Jong-pil an si i, voi (9) an ṭuan.

Professor Yong Jong-bin (Myongji University) Causes and Consequences of deadlock in the National Assembly

Korea hluttaw National Assembly cu mipi nih an mawhciat khun hleinak pahnih a um. Phung aherhmi an ser lonak le phung sermi a tlawm ruang ah a si, an ti (Consequences). Hi ti a caannak (Causes) cu pakhatnak ah political party le legislative body kar i, thil a ummi ruang ah ah a si. A bikin political party pawl nih an party in MP a tling mi kha an strick tuk hna. Phundang in political party nih hluttaw biachahnak kah a thurhnawmh ti a si. Pahninhnak cu professionalization an si lo, an ti. Hi ruang ah National Assembly hi mipi pawl nih an zum lo taktakmi body ah aa chuah. Korea society nh an zumh bikmi cu civil organization hi 40.3% in pakhatnak a si i, hluttaw cu 6.6% lawng a ngah (2005 survey data). Traditional leadership timi pengtlang tlanh model in new leadership model lei thlennak tete a um ruang ah Korea hluttaw i deadlocks cu a zor lei a panh lai i, phung an ser khawh deuh lai.

                                    ___ A Dih Cang___

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[1] Hi critical memo cu January 22, 2023 in February 3 karlak relmi tete an si

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Zeitindah Chin Ram Kan Ser Lai?

 I. Biahmaithi

   2021 hnu Chin ramkhel thilhran hi zoh tikah ram sersiam a duhmi le miphun sersiam a duhmi ti in kan i cawhmi bantuk in a lang. Hikaa zawn ah ram sersiam ka timi cu state building kha a si i, miphun sersiam ka timi cu nation building a si. Hi hna pahnih hi a idea cu aa lo ngaimi an lo ko nain, an sining zoh tikah pangpar a si ko nain a par ning le a par dan aa dangmi bantuk an si. State building cu ram sersiam a si ca ah ramchung ah a ummi miphun siloah biaknak tthanter nakin ram tthan ter kha a duhmi a si. Cu state ahcun rammi, ramri le uknak ti bantuk kha an biapi i, miphun a tampi an si ahcun an kar ah remdaihnak a um nakhnga ttlukruannak kha a biapi mi thilri ah an hman. Phundang in tlukruannak nih balance tuahpiak a si ca ah cu bantuk a tuahmi ram ahcun holh tampi kha tlang holh ah cohlan ti bantuk khi a um tawn. Cucaah, state building ahcun state capacity kha a hung biapi ngaingai. State capacity ti cu ngun khuai kholh khawh ti bantuk zong kha a si i, ral ven khawh, institution atha mi ser khawh, sizung tthami te ngeih khawh ti bantuk zong kha a si. 

   Sihmansehlaw, nation building tu cu clan le tribal a umnak ram ahcun an ser tikah a ser tu nih anmah phu hramdomh in an ser tawn. Phundang in nation building cu phu pakhat hram bunh in a kal tawn theo ca ah adang phu kha hnuzul siloah miphun a sermi phu ah a lutding phun ah an cang hna. Cu ruang ah nation building a tuahmi ram ahcun clan le clan karlak ti bantuk ah siseh, ethnic group karlak ah siseh ral ituknak kha a um lengmang. Teitu bia in bia a tluk theo tawn ca ah teitu phu holh, biaknak le nunphung cu a sungmi hna nih an cawn i, ahnu ahcun a sungmi hna cu an pipu nih an rak dohmi miphun kha an miphun ah a cang lan tawn. Sihmansehlaw, a cheukhat ram ahcun teitu taktak ngaingai an chuah lo tikah nation building ruang ah ram cu a buai i, ram a rawk. Hi bantuk a cung ah ka langhtermi thil pahnih cu nihin Chin ram ah tuah cuahmah a si ca ah ramdang nih an rak tuah ve ning le zeitinadah Chin ram cu kan ser awk a si timi ka langhter lai.

II. Ram Sernak ah Zeidah Abiapi?

   Ram sersiamnak le miphun sersiamnak ahhin zeidah hlawh a ttlingbik timi kong ah hihi a attha bik tiah vawleipi nih a timi a um lo. Cun, zeitik ah dah ram sersiamnak le miphun sersiamnak cu lim a si lai ti zong hi ri khiahmi a um lo. Phundang deuh in chim ahcun hi hna pahnih cu ti bantuk in dong cat lo in aluang zungzalmi an si. Cucaah, hi hna pahnih cu Chin ram ah sernak ah a bawm khotu ding tiah ka ruahmi cu atanglei bantuk in ka langhter.

2.1 Ral nih Ram A Ser

   Europe ramkhel thiam sang hna nih an chimmi cu “ral nih ram a ser i, ram zong nih ral a ser ve – war makes the state, and the state makes war” ti, a si. Annih nih cun ral dohding aa timmi cu an itimh pah in ram an sersiam cang ti a si. An fianhmi cu hlan ahcun nihin bantuk ram hi an rak um lo nain, phudang nih tuk le thah lai ttih ah umnak ram le hmunhma aa naihmi minung hna cu an ifun i, bia an iruah ti, a si. Cu ti biaruahnak nih khuate le khuapi rian ttuan ttinak siloah peng le tlang aa dangmi hna rian tuan ttinak in run vengtu phu ah an ser, an ti. Laimi context in kan chim ahcun, Laimi cu Mirang rak kai hlan ahcun khuakhat le khuakhat aa dohmi kan rak si nain, Mirang doh ahcun kan rak tang tti hna timi phun kha a si. 

   

    Cun, ral doh aa tim lomi siloah hna ngam ngai in a ummi siloah aa fun lomi cu adang phu nih tei ruang ah an ram le an miphun tiang an tlau, an ti. Siloah, an ram an sung tawn ti a si. Cu tin ral a sungmi ram cu pentu sin in zalennak an hmuh hnu hmanh ah an ram chung ah buainak a chuah ti a si. Cu ram cu ramdang bawmhnak in democracy an hmuh hmanh ah an democracy cu a thit than tawn e, an ti. Tahchunhnak Latin America case in Schenoni timi political science professor nih hi kong he pehtlai in tette ah a langhtermi cu “Paraguayan War” rak timi 1825 – 1828 ah rak itukmi ah a teinak a hmumi Brazil le Argentina cu nihin ahcun hi lio ral arak sungmi Paraguay ram nakin kum 200 dengmang tiang ah an ram a dai deuh i, an tthancho deuh a ti. Alanghtermi ahcun Brazil le Argentina cu ral hlan in ifunnak an tuah i, cu in cun teinak an hmuh ca ah nihin tiang hlawknak an co i, an ram ah unity zong a um deuh, a ti. Abiapi ngai in anih zong nih a chimmi cu ral nih ram a ser timi cu lenglei ral ruang ah minung hna cu an ifun i, cu ti an ifunnak power a tthawn deuhdeuh tikah ram a nuam deuh i, lungrualnak a chuah deuh timi kha a si.

2.2 Fimcawnnak in Ram Ser

   Fimcawnnak in ram ser kong cu ka rak tial cangmi “Nation Building Kong Iruah Tinak” timi ah ka rak telh cang nain, phundang deuh in langhter ka duh rih ca ah ka ttial tthan. Hi kong he pehtlai in Paglayan (2022) an timi political scientist nih hlathlainak a tuahmi ah a hmuhmi cu Europe ram ah ramchung ral ruang ah hruaitu hna nih ram ser tthannak siloah ral daihter ding ah fimcawnnak tuah an ithim, a ti. Cucu tangniam (primary school) in an rak thok a ti. Cucaah, kum zabu 19 hrawng ahcun ram tampi ahcun a cozah nih tangniam cawnmi cu ttha te in a kurit hna i democracy ruahnak a karh ter, a ti. Tangniam an ithimnak cu ngakchia cu ahmet lio ah ttha te in cawnpiak ahcun a upat tikah a zulh timi ruahnak ruang ah a si, ti a si. Hi kong he pehtlai in Rousseau timi political scientist minthang nih arak chimmi cu rammi ttha (good citizen) ser cu nikhat ah lim khawhmi a si lo. Upa hna nih rammi tha an si khawh nakhnga an hmet te in chimh an hau, arak ti. Hi bantuk thil sining ruang ah Chile ram te hna ahcun ral a tho leklekmi hmunhma ah fim cawnnak kha biatak deuh in cozah nih a tuah tikah ahnu ahcun ral ituknak ti bantuk kha a hung zor ngaingai ti a si. 

   Zhang le Lee (2020) nih an langhter ve mi cu ca thiamnak ngeih (literacy ngeih) hnu ahcun aa thleidangmi hna kar ah thleidan a that loning kha an hung tuak kho i, dawtnak a karh ca ah miphun dang hna kar ah ithit umnak te hna a hung um, an ti. Cun, ca an thiam deuhdeuh tikah uktu nawl zulh duhnak, phung le phai tang ah um a tthatnak zong kha an hung hngalh i, ram sersiamnak ah aherhmi state capacity kha a nganter e, tiah langhter. Cu he aa ralkah in, ca a thiam lo deuhmi (lower literacy) ram cu ral an tong deuh leng ah cozah nawl zulh siloah phung le phai zulh an duh lo deuh e, an ti. Hi he aa lo pah dengmang in Aderoju (2008) nih hlathlainak a tuahmi ah a hmumi cu Nigeria ram ahcun ca a cawng lomi hi tapung an tho deuh e, ti a si ve.

III. Chinram cu Zeitin Kan Ser Lai?

3.1 Zeidah Kan Cawn Lai?

   A si kun ah, Europe le Latin America ram bantuk in Chin ram cu kan ser kho lai maw ti hi ruah ahaumi bia cu a si. Nihin dirhmun in kan tah ahcun Europe le Latin America cu Chin ram he aa thlau ngaimi dirhmun an rak si nain kum zabu 19 hlan Europe le Latin America sining le nihin kan sining cuai kan thlai ahcun zei maw zat cu cawn awk kan ngei kho men. A bik in, lenglei ral siloah phudang ral kong ah lung ifunnak le fimcawnnak sersiamnak nih ram sersiamnak ah tthat hnemnak an hmuhnak kong hi cawn tlak an si. 

   Nihin Chin ram ah kan tonmi pawl hi Africa ram hna zong nih an tonmi a si ve. Hi bantuk kan tonnak cu zeidang nakin biahmaithi ah ka langhter cang bantuk in ram sersiamnak nakin miphun sersiamnak ah an ibia tak deuh ruang ah nang phu, kei phu timi karah kan buai ruang ah khin a si bik. Phundang deuh in chim ahcun mah khua le peng hoih hram bunh lawng ttanh i, cu he aa lo lomi vialte cu mah nakin a niammi siloah ral ah kan ruah hna ca ah a si. 

3.2 Zeitindah Federal Ram Cu Kan Ser Kun Hnga?

   

   Federal cu aa khat lomi miphun, aa dangmi nunphung ti bantuk ca ah a ttha bik ti cu Myanmar ram politician pawl nih an chim zungzalmi a si. Nain, zeitindah cucu a thami cu kan phak lai timi bal cu ruah lio cio a si rih. Hi kong ahhin ruahnak pahnih ka ngeih. Pakhatnak cu agreement in federal ser kha a si i, cucu Panglong Conference phun kha a si. Ram komh ca ah hnatlaknak ngeih i, cu hnatlaknak ngeihmi ning in ram ser kha a si. Hihi Myanmar ramkhel thiamsang hna nih an zulhbikmi le ceihbik a si ko rua, ka ti. Hi bantuk zong hi Chin ram ca ah kan herh kho men. Aruang cu kannih hi miphun pakhat sinak kan ngeih lo tikah mah phu hoih in miphun sernak nih a chuahpi ding ral khamhnak ca ah hnatlaknak hi zulh le ngeih kan hau ngaingai kho men. Cu lo cun, mah le mah ituk kan foi kho.

   Cun, adang pakhat cu flexible integration (F.I) phun hi a si. Hihi kong cu Myanmar ramkhel thiamsang hna nih an chim tuk lo. Hi F.I timi cu a duhmi nih ram komh ah a duhmi hoih in itel phun kha a si. Tahchunhnak ah, ukchokzi ah ramkomh ah tel a duhmi nih i tel. Cun, sipuazi lawng ah ram komh itel a duhmi nih itel phun kha a si. Hi bantuk idea cu European Union idea deuh kha a si. Hi idea cu minung maw a biapi deuh ram dah timi ruahnak idannak nih man ngeihternak zong a dan ter kho men. Minung tlamtling hi a biapi ko tiah ruah ahcun F.I cu cohlan ngai dawh a si ko. 

4. Biatlangkom

   Ka capar zong a sau pah cang ca ah ka donghter cang lai. Nihin Chin ram nih kan tonmi hi miphun pakhat ngaingai kan si lo ruang ah kan tonmi a si bik ko tiah kan ruah khawh i, cucu miphun sersiamnak in kan phisin kho lai maw, siloah ram sersiamnak tu in dah kan phisin lai timi ruah ahau. Chin mi tam u cu fimcawnnak lei chambau ruang ah arfa hna nih arpi an zulh bantuk in politician chimmi paohpoah zulh lio caan a si. Politican pawl cu mah phu hoih le mah ca ah rian a tuanmi an tam deuh caah Chin ah pakhat timi ideology kha a hung der. Cu ruang ah mah le peng kip in siloah tlangkip in hriamtlai an hung chuak. Nain, amak ngaimi cu hodah a palh timi kong ahcun “anmah an palh” ti kha chim bik a si. CC pawl nih CB palh an ti, CB pawl nih CC palh an ti. Phundang in chim ahcun clan le tribal ram ah hmuh tawnmi “mah dik, mi palh” phun kha a si. 

   Sihmansehlaw, kan Chim ram ah aa dawhcah lo ngaimi cu hi bantuk kan tonmi cu phisin siloin zuamcawhnak in tawlrel kan izuammi hi a si. Hi bantuk zuamcawhnak cu raltuknak lei kap a panhtu a si ca ah Chin ram ca ah hlawknak a um lo kho men. Cu nakin agreement ngah khawhding kan izuam kha ahau. Lenglei ral kan ton lio hmanh ah kan ifun khawh lo ahcun ral a um lo chinchin ahcun kanmah le kanmah ca ah ttih a nung ngai kho men. Cucaah, Chin ram cu miphun sersiamnak nakin ram sersiamnak in tuak ahcun phundang in hlawknak zong a um ngai ko hnga tib u in ka bia ka donghter.

File in a duhmi ca download >>>  Zeitindah Chin Ram Kan Ser Lai?

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