Study Note: State Building le Nation Building Kong

There is much confusion over the terms ‘state-building’ and ‘nation-building’ (Hippler 2004, Goldsmith 2007). Some authors use the terms interchangeably, some with completely different meanings. In general, most people use ‘state-building’ to refer to interventionist strategies to restore and rebuild the institutions and apparatus of the state, for example, the bureaucracy. In contrast, ‘nation-building’ also refers to the creation of a cultural identity that relates to the particular territory of the state. Most theorists agree that a well-functioning state is a requirement for the development of a nation, and therefore most would also agree that state-building is a necessary component of nation-building. Several authors argue that while state-building is something external actors can engage in, the development of a cultural nation is inherently something only the emerging society can shape itself. Using this line of thinking, it seems most appropriate for development actors to limit themselves to using state-building terminology. However, although ‘state-building’ is possibly a less controversial term than ‘nation-building’ for external actors to use to describe their interventions, there has, in recent years, been a tendency for the difference between the two terms to become less marked and for them to be used interchangeably by many in the international community.

This is most common in non-academic circles, particularly the media, donors, NGOs, think tanks, etc. This has probably largely been influenced by the Bush administration’s (and, as a result, the media’s) tendency to use the term ‘nation-building’ for its interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq. As a result, the 4 terms ‘nation-building’ is increasingly being used for activities that could more accurately be described as ‘state-building’. Whilst current foreign policy and popular culture tend to conflate the two terms, it is also possible to argue that state-building and nation-building are opposing forces (Ottaway 1999). Whilst state-building focuses on creating a homogenous nation-state, a ‘nation-building’ approach emphasizes the importance of cultural identity which may ultimately lead to calls for self-determination. Finally, another possible reason for the lack of distinction between state- and nation-building may be that the literature neglects the ‘building a cultural identity’ aspects of nation-building, focusing instead on the more technical aspects of building state capacity.

The logic that the absence and/or weakness of liberal institutions is the main cause of underdevelopment and insecurity driving armed conflicts in the global era, mainstream scholarship has defined state-building as ‘the creation of new governmental institutions and the strengthening of existing ones’ (Fukuyama 2004,17; Paris and Sisk 2009,8; Ottaway 2002,1004). In this narrow institutional understanding of state-building, the onus on external actors is to assist in putting in place institutional architecture across a broad spectrum encompassing representative democracy (e.g., elections; constitution, media, judiciary, rule of law), and a private market-based economy (e.g. private property, fiscal and monetary institutions, open competition rules)

Nation building, according to Fritz and Menocal (2007, 15), is a process of constructing a shared sense of identity and common destiny, usually in order to overcome ethnic, sectarian, or communal differences and to counter alternative sources of identity and loyalty. A nation is a group of people with a common language, history, culture, and (usually) geographic territory. A state is an association of people characterized by formal institutions of government, including laws; permanent territorial boundaries; and sovereignty (political independence). A state may comprise one or more nations (as did the Roman Empire and Austria-Hungary), and a nation may be represented in (or ruled by) one or more (usually contiguous) states, as in the early modern principalities of Germany. (Britannica). The OECD defines nation-building as: Actions are undertaken, usually by national actors, to forge a sense of common nationhood, usually in order to overcome ethnic, sectarian or communal differences; usually to counter alternate sources of identity and loyalty; and usually to mobilize a population behind a parallel state-building project.

The World Bank, acknowledging that it has no formal definition for nation-building, describes state-building as ‘the centrality of efforts to build state capacity and accountability, including strong attention to the most basic state administrative and delivery systems, complementing capacity investments with robust efforts to improve accountability, and balancing state capacity-building efforts with support for civil society and the private sector. Hipper identifies three interrelated aspects in the overarching process of nation-building; (a) the creation of an integration ideology, integrated society, and a functioning state apparatus. René Grotenhuis identifies Peacemaking, nation-building, and state-building start out from the recognition of shared interest, even if this shared aspect is minimal or even negatively formulated: Sometimes there is no more basis than the acknowledgment that it is impossible to defeat the other groups and that therefore one has to find a solution for living together.  But for a state to become viable and flourishing, shared interests have to transform into trust.

ICNCC Talk show Note:

1. Nation le State cu aa dang. State building timi cu ram ser a si; constitution le law tbk...ser kha                 a si. Nation building timi cu identity (culture, literature, tbk) aa khatmi kha fonh or ser kha a                    si. Nation sinak ding ah State (ram), territory, mipi tbk ahau. Nain, holh ca le adangdang ah                    unity kan hau lio cang khi a si.

2.      Insitution a thami aherh ngaingai. A tha le a fekmi institution kan ngeih ahcun unity ca ah                      hlawknak tampi a kan pek lai i, CNB kan kalpi kho deuh lai.

3.      Resources chambau ruang ah nation building i a herhmi unity a ngah lo. Chin mipi vialte fon                   khomi structure aherh ngaingai ko.

4.      Nation building tuah tikah a tuahtu nih an i that hnemmi kha fakpi in ruah ahau.


Book Recommendation 

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Chin Nation Building Timi cu Zeidah A si?

Episode 1

I. Biahmaiṭhi

Chin nation building timi cu a foinak in Chin ram sersiamnak ti a si. Thuk deuh in chim ahcun Chin ram hi zeitin in, zei ca ah kan ser lai timi fiang tliang te in hmuhsaknak a si. Inn cu sak tikah zeitin, zei pungsan in, a ho ca ah a ho nih dah a sak lai tiah ruat cikcek i, fian hnu ah sak a si tawn bantuk in Chin ram sersiamnnak (Chin nation building) zong ah zeitin Chin ram sersiam a si lai timi fian ahau. Cucu nihin i, Chin miphun hna nih kan i ceih, kan i ruah le kan hlathlai ahaumi thil biapi pakhat a si. Ram (nation/state) timi nih a ngeih ding cu vawlei ram, rammi, cozah ukning hi an si. Nation Building (NB) kong ah Political Scientist nih an chimmi pakhat cu NB cu mipi nih i hrawm khawhmi mipi sinak “common identity” ser a si i, cucu holh le ca, tuanbia le biaknak ah i khahnak in ser a si. Miphun aiawh siloah ram aiawh thantar ngeihnak, ram hla ngeihnak, national heroes ngeihnak ti bantuk zong hi an ngeih ding thil pawl an si, an ti. Mibu siloah ralkap ṭhawng buu in thazaang hmang in ram sersiamnak hi hlawh a tling bikmi strategy a si (Posen, 1993). Nain, ralkap ṭhawng in ram sersiam tikah rammi duhnak zohpiak thiam lo ahcun sermi ram cu ram ṭha lo ah a cang tawn (Miller, 2013). Colony ram hna nih an lakmi ram ah NB an tuah tikah an hmanmi lakah hlawh a tlingbikmi strategy cu education le doctrine in mipi a cawnpiakmi strategy hi a si. Mirang an si ahcun education in Mirang nunzia, Mirang holh, Mirang biaknak an chim hna. Caan a rauh tikah takvuan idang hman hna sehlaw, Mirang culture, Mirang biaknak, Mirang khuasak ning in an nung. U.S journalists pawl nih an chimmi hlawh a tlingmi nation building cu rules of law[1] le security a ṭha bik zatlang buu a ngeimi ram hi an si, an ti.

II. Chin Ramkhel Thiamsang Hna nih Ruahmi Chin Nation Building

            Chin ramkhel thiamsang pawl nih Chin ram sersiamnak ahhin Chinland le Chin State tiin phun hnih in an kalpi. Chinland timi cu India, Myanmar, Bangladesh i  a ummi Chin miphun vialte umnak khi a si i, 90,640 km² a kau i, Chin State cu 36,019 km² a kau ve (Lian Uk. 2009. p 264). Chinland cu nihin vawleicung ram 196 chung i ram 85 nakin a ngan deuh bantuk in Chin State zong hi 2022 FIFA world cup an tuahnak Qatar siseh, Belgium, Isreal te pawl nakin ram ngan deuh a si; vawleicung ram 61 cu Chin State nakin an hme deuh. A milu in zoh tikah Chinland ahhin sang 4 leng[2] le Chin State ah cun 478,801 (2014 Myanmar Census) um a si (Van Lian Thang, 2015). Hi ram ah Chin politician pawl nih an chim ciomi Chin nation building cu a tawi fiannak in a tanglei bantuk in ka rak langhter.

(a) Chin National Front Tlaihtleng: CNF President Pu Zing Cung nih 2020 Chin National Front (CNF) general conference ah a chimmi cu CNF nih Chinland ti a hmannak cu Chinmi cu Chin State lawng ah kan um lo ca ah a kenkip in a ummi Chin miphun vialte huapter kan duh ca ah CNF nih “Chinland” tiah kan hmannak hi a si. Chinland chung ahhin Kawlrawn Chin miphun hna siseh, adang hmunhma i Chin miphun hna si hna seh kan i tel dih. Chin miphun hna umnak paohpaoh kha Chinland cu a si ko, a ti. Cucu Chinland chung ah a ummi vialte ca ah federalism, democracy, self-determination a um khawh ding hmai nawr kha CNF i a chunmang pakhat a si fawn. A foinak in kan chim ahcun CNF nih aa timhbikmi cu Chin miphun hna nih an umnak hmun kipah miphun an sinak kilven khawhnak le Chin minung hna nih nuhrin covo nih pekmi zalonnak an hmuh khawh ding kha asi. CNF nih 2023 Chin National Day ah cathanh a chuahmi ah a biapi in a thanhmi cu Chin National Day cu democracy duhnak in arak chuakmi a sinak, dothlengtu hna upatnak, NUG le EAOs pawl he ralhrang hlohding, CNF he dir ṭi ding in sawmnak le Chin National Day cu Chin Miphun cawisannak ah hmanding kha a tel. Cucaah, CNF nih aa timhmi hi zoh tikah Chin miphun ca ah zalonnak hi Chin national building cu a si ko tiah hmuh khawh a si.

(b) CNO/Mindat CDF le Adangdang Tlaihtleng: 2021 ralkap uknak lak hnu ah an miphun ai a awh kho ti lomi hriamtlai buu hi CNF le Kareni in KNPP an si tiah International Crisis nih a ti. Chin State ahcun Kareni State bang hriamtlai buu thar tete an hung karh hna. Acheu cu CNF he policy an i khat nain acheu cu an i hla deuh. A bik in CDF Mindat le CNO he hin Chinland maw Chin State dah ti kong ahcun an ruahnak aa dang ngaingai CDF Mindat le CNO nih cun Chin State hi atambik an hmanmi hmunhma a si i, thantar an hmanmi cu Dr. Tam Aung Ling (tleicia) nih Ne Win cozah chan ah arak sermi Chin State thantar a si Cucaah, CNO le CDF Mindat nih Chinram an timi hi Chin State hi a si ko ti fiang te in alang. Political objective vun zoh ṭhan tikah CNO le CDF Mindat dirhmun hi federalism, democracy le self-determination a si ca ah CNF he an i khat. Cucaah, hi buu hna he CNF te pawl nih Chinland Joint Defense Committee (CJDC) an dirh khawhnak zong a si lai tiah ruah khawh a si.

III. Zeitin Chinram cu Kan Sersiam Lai?

            Chin ram sersiamnak ahhin Chin Liberation Army (CLA), Hrang Nawl tapung, CNF, CJDC chungtel hna tin a dot dot in an rak i zuam hna. CLA cu Chin ram hmanh an rak phan kho lo. Hrang Nawl te zong cu hlawhtlinak an rak hmu lo. A pathumnak CNF hi Chin miphun nih miphun level in a hmasabik kan ngeihmi hriamtlai buu ah a cang. Sihmansehlaw, Myanmar Army nih an hmanmi four cut policy[3] ruang ah ramtang um le ramchung ummi Chin miphun karlak i pehtlai khawh lo ruang ah ramkhel hmuhning i dannak, i zumh lonak ti bantuk a karh i, 2021 uknak lak tikah hriamtlai buu pakhat tang ah dir khawh a si ti lo. Nain, hlawknak pakhat a ummi cu ralhrang dohnak le political ideology aa khatmi federal democracy ser duhnak hi a si. Chinram sersiamnak ah ruah a simi a tungtlang pahnih in ka hung langhter lai.

(a) Federal Democracy: Chin miphun cu miphun ṭengnge tete fonh in sermi a si ca ah ram ser tik zong ah pumpak power, khua power, pengtlang power, khuapi peng (township) power le state power tin serding a duhmi minung um a si. Hi hna nih an buaipimi cu identity ah si lo in covo ah a si. Thuk deuh in ruah ahcun Chinland or Chin State chung ah cozah pahnih a um lai tinak kha a si ko. Miphun ṭengnge hna nih khuapi (township) pakhat cio an ngeih khawh ahcun Chin State cozah kha state cozah ti a si hnga i, miphun ṭengnge (township) cozah kha local cozah ti a si hnga. Cu ti a kal ahcun biachahnak paohpoah kha khuapi ah miphun ṭengnge hna nih an rat pi ahau ti hnga lo. Hakha holh a thiam lomi hna zong nih an khua le an ram ah anmah kong kha ṭha te in ceih in bia an chah khawh lai. Cucaah, federal democracy a duhmi Chin politician pawl nih nihin Chin ram sernak ah a biapibik ah ruahmi cu “rammi duhnak upat i, rammi ca a ṭha hnemmi Chinram ser” kha a si.

(b) Chin Identity Abiapibik: Chinram sersiamnak ah a biapibik cu Chin Identity hi first a si ca ah Chin identity hmuh khawh nakhnga centralization hi a ṭhawn ahau tiah a ruatmi Chin politician an um ve. An chim lo nain an cawlcanghning ah a lang ngaingai. An holh le an ca kha cawihlei in Chin ram ca le holh ah ser a duhmi an si. Cucu Thein Sein cozah chan (2010 -2015) ahkhan fiang te in a rak lang. CNF hruaitu hlun pakhat nih anmah pengtlang holh kha Chin holh hmanding biatung dirhnak ca cu President hlun Thein Sein sinah a rak kuat. Cu ti an cawlcanghnak cu Hakha le Thantlang nih an theih tikah an duh ve lo, a si awk a si lo, an ti. Chin Identity a biapi tiah a ruatmi pawl hi democracy a uar deuhmi phun khi an si. Chin ram serding an timhmi model hi Chin State khuahlipi pakhat ah a ummi power kha Chin miphun nih din ti bang din cio phun khi a si i, pengtlang siloah township kha power tlawm te lawng a pek hna.  Cucaah, identity pakhatnak ah a ruatmi hna politician pawl i, Chin ram sersiamnak cu “holh phunkhat, miphun pakhat, khuapi pakhat model” khi a si ti khawh as i.

IV. Biadonghnak

Nihin Chin ram ah uktu phunthum an um. Myanmar Army nih hruaitmi SAC uknak, CJDC in a chuakmi Chinland Council le ICNCC tin a si. CJDC le ICNCC cu aa naihniammi an si nain hriamthlai in dothlen hnu ah an ruahnak aa hlat deuh i, CJDC nih Chinland Council ser i, khuapi (township) kha township council hruainak in hruai an thawknak kumkhat tluk a si cang. CJDC cu ralkap ṭhawng 20,000 a ngeimi an si ca ah an sermi phung cu a nung deuh ngaingai. Hi CJDC model hi federal democracy phun he khin aa naih. Chinland Council in township council, township council in circle council (pengtlang council), circle council in khuakomh [4]council. Khua komh council in khua siloah sangle veng council tin an kal. Council phun kip nih an ca i a ṭhami phung an ser cio hna. Hihi cozah khuakhannak an sermi kilvengtu ah CDF siloah CNA nih an dirpi hna ca ah CJDC member cheukhat i, Chin ram sersiamning model cu Posen nih a chimmi ralkap buu ṭhawng ngeih i, ram sersiamning phun kha a si. Chinland Council in aa hruaimi hna nih hin common identity ah Chin National flag an hman hna. Chinland ram hla cu holh phun tling in an ser. Hi ti common identity ngeih ahauhnak cu Chinmi a si lomi miphun dang ral dohnak ca ah a si. Political Scientist minthang Samuel P Huntington nih a chimmi “mah i hngalh lo ahcun ral hngalh khawh a si lo” bantuk in lenglei ral kan hngalh khawh nakhnga Chin ram sersiamnak (Chin nation building) cu arak biapi hringhran. Miphun pakhat ah fek ṭhup dir, ralkap ṭhawngmi ngeih i duhmi co khawh, ramchung ah Chin miphun nih zalongte in duh tling len khawh kha Chin ram sersiamnak nih aa tinhmi cu a si ko. Cucu zeitin kan lak khawh lai ti cu ruah aherh tukmi topic pakhat a si.

                                 _____________Kan peh ṭhan te lai__________

---

[1] Rules of Law timi cu phung cung ah minung vialte ṭluk ruan te in an um kha a si. Ho hmanh phung nih a cawi hler hlei lo i, ho hmanh phung nih a namneh hlei lomi kha a si. Rules of Law cu democracy i a value pakhat a si.

[2] Chin State ah 478,801 (2014), Mizoram ah 1,091,014 (2011) a si ca ah adang India ram Chinland, Kawl ram Chinland, Bangladesh ram Chinland milu he tuak tikah sang 4 leng cu a si tiah ruahdamhmi a si.

[3] Four cut policy: cutting food, fund, communication, and recruit.

[4] Khua hme deuh cu hruai an foi deuh nakhnga khua komh ah chiah an si.

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U.S Ralbawi hlun Professor Miemie Winn Byrd Chimmi Myanmar Ram Dothlennak Kong

Myanmar ram ah a rak chuak i, U.S ram ah U.S ralkap kum 28 arak ṭuan balmi ralbawi hlun Professor Miemei Winn Byrd timi nu cu mi tam deuh nih cun kan hngalhmi a si ko lai. Anih hi an chimnak ah Mon le Dawei miphun thi cawh a si, an ti. U.S ralkap a ṭlak lio ah Lt. Col rank tiang a rak phan i, a bik in anih nih arak hlathlaimi hmunhma hna cu Security Sector Development, U.S-Myanmar Relation, Asia-Pacific Economics, Organizational Development, Women Peace & Security and Adult Education pawl hi an si. 2023 February thla thawh kaa ahkhan South Korea ram ah a ummi U.S ralkap pawl fim cawnnak lei kong he pehtlai in cawnpiaknak ah U.S ralbawi pawl he South Korea an rak phan. Cu an phanh caan te ahcun NUG-Korea zung ah a leng. A len dih in Korea khuasa Myanmar Communities hna he tonnak meeting tuah a si i, minung 200 an i tel kho. Cu bantuk nikhat chung kan i ton caan i, a chimmi tete chung in note ka lak khawhmi cu atanglei bantuk in ka rak langhter. 

Miemie Winn Byrd

Speech key points pawl;

1. Nihin Myanmar ram i, a cangmi thil kong he pehtlai in zei ruang ah mipi sinah a dirnak le dothlennak ah pumpak in bawmchantu dirhmun ka si ti ahcun Myanmar ram i, a cangmi hi ralbawi pakhat dirhmun in cohlan awk a tlak lomi a si ca ah a si. Ralkap nih cun professional ralkap ti hi kan ngei i, cucu code of conduct timi mipi ca ah rian ṭuan kha a si. Sihmansehlaw, nihin Myanmar army cu mipi vialte an duh paoh in an thah ca ah cucu ka cohlang kho lo. 
   
   
2. Myanmar ram ah dothlennak tei khawhnak ding ah aherhbik cu "unity" hi a si ko. Unity of command hi aherh hringhran, Cucu unity si khawhnak dingah kanmah hrim nih kan i zuam ahau. India ram zalennak i an pa Gandhi nih arak chimmi cu "thlending kan duh ahcun kanmah in kan i thlen ahau" a ti bantuk kha a si ko. Leadership i a basic bik cu "lead by example" a si bang, hruaitu hna zong nih unity nakding ah example in langhter ahau ve. 
   
   
3. Dothlennak hlawhtlinnak ca ah aherhbikmi strategy cu "Unity => People Power => Smart Power => Victory" hi a si. Adang strategy pakhat cu DIP timi Defection, International pressure le People power a si. Nihin bantuk caan ahhin Myanmar ram ah minung phunthum "Ralkap lei ṭang, Neutral le Dothlengtu" tiah um a si. Phundang in ralkap le dothlengtu hna nih people support i cuh lio ah CDM a tuah lomi hi hro hrimhrim lo in, kanmah lei zeitin an i tel khawh hnga ti tu i zuam aherh.
   
   
4. Tlangcung hriamtlai hna nih Myanmar ralkap kum saupi an rak doh nain an tei khawh lonak cu mipi nih an dirpi hna lo ca ah a si. Vietnam ral lio i U.S ral an rak sunghnak bik a ruang U.S citizen support aa tel lomi bantuk kha a si ko. Cucaah, mipi support hi a biapi bantukin upat hrim hna usih. Mawhchiat lo in zeitin anmah he kan kal ṭi khawh lai ti hi dothlengtu hna ruah awk a si.
   
   
5. Strategy hi ser tikah kanmah nih kan ngeimi resources le intelligent hna hmang in ser hi a hlawkbik. U.S nih ralpi pahninak ah Germany a teinak zong kha hi bantuk strategy ruang ah a si. China mifim thiam San Yu nih a chimmi "nangmah kong 100% naa theih, na ral kong 100% na hngalh ahcun ral na tei hrimhrim lai" a ti bantuk in kan ngeimi hi kan ralpa kong he ṭha te in hlatnak thawngin a hlawkmi teinak ding ah a ṭhabik strategy chuahter ahau.

Question and Answer pawl

1. NDAA i NUG, PDF le EAOs pawl technically support kan pek lai timi hi zeidah a si timi cu, NDAA nih bawmhnak pekding ah a zohmi tete a um ve, Dothlengnak a tuahmi hna ziaza, rammi hna unity, zeitin do an thlenning ti bantuk in a phun a um len.
   
   
2. Dothlennak a dih tikah hriam hi chuh maw a ṭhat chuh lo timi kong ahcun hriam hi zeitin an tlaih timi hi a biapi ngaingai ko. Keimah pumpak nih cun hriam hi limit in tlaih hi ka uar ngaingai. A ruang cu hriam phun pawl i an rian ṭuan khawh ning ka hngalh ca ah a si. U.S ahhin Republican pawl nih hin US ram chung ah hriam tlaih an duh deuh. Hi bantuk hriamtlaih duhnak lungthin hi Russia nih a theih tikah Republican cheukhat pawl thluak a ṭawl hna i, ramchung ah i kahnak te hna a chuak theo tawn. Cucaah, hriam hi tlaih ding a si hmanh ah limit tuahpiak cu a ṭha ka ti.
   
   
3. False hope pekmi kong he pehtlai in cun kei ka hmuhning ahcun productive as imi kha leader nih mipi sinah a pek ahau ka ti. Mipi kha zeitluk an har ve le an intuarning theihthiam in mawhchiat lo in attract (soft power) hman in kanmah minung an caan ding ser tu hi a biapi ka ti.
   
   
4.  Dalan pawl thahnak "clear" kong he pehtlai in cun, ral tei lakah a ṭhabikmi ral tei dan cu ralpa kha that lo in tei kha a si. Cucaah, dalan hi that lo in kanmah lei ah a ṭanding siloah ralhrang nih an rak thahding in tuah khawh a si. Cucu zeitin asi ti ahcun dalan tiah ruahmi cu "thawngpang deuh -misinforamation" kah voithum li hrawng pek ahcun ralhrang nih an zum ti lai lo i, anmah le anmah tu kha an i that kho.
   
   
5. Unity sernak ahhin keimah peng ka dik ti a ngah lo. Agree to disagree si ahau. Zeiruang ah timi kawl in a dik le a palh he unity i a hlawknak kha zoh aherh hringhran.
6. Myanmar ram le a innpa pawl he pehtlainak kong ahhin cun NUG nih ṭuanvo nganpi aa hmaithlak ahau ko. Dothlennak ahhin hriamtlai lawng hi dothlen a si lo ti kha kan hngalh fian ahau. U.S nih Myanmar kong ahcun ASEAN in hin indirect in aa thlak ve (Strategic communication and diplomatic strategic). International area ah Myanmar a van a chiatnak bal cu Ukraine thawngpang nih a nenh tuk deuh ca a ah si.
7. U.S nih a biapi tak ah a chiahmi DIME hi timi Diplomacy, Information, Military and Economic hi a si. Hihi DIME hi US i a value a si. Dothlennak ca ah aherhmi cu AAR timi After Action Review hi a si. 

February 5, 2023

Sunday

Seoul. South Korea

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Study Note: 1987 - 2008 Karlak South Korea Ramkhel Nih A Tonmi Harnak

(January 22, 2023 in February 3 karlak relmi tete an si) 

South Korea cu 1987 in democracy lam lei a panh i, 2023 in democracy a sinak kum 36 a si cang. Kum 36 an si cang nain harnak khat lak an tong, a fek cangmi democracy ram hna ah democracy cawnnak an tuah. An ram a lu le a taw an mersuan. Har ngai in kum 36 an kal chung ah President a ṭuan balmi hna lak Park Quen Hye, Lee Myung Bak, Roh Myo Hun ti bantuk hna hi thongthlak an tong bal. An society ah i khah lonak a karh phaisa ngei nih an ngei chin lio ah, sifak nih an si a fak chin. Cucucah, Cozah thar an kai fatin social issue a simi inn man le inn hlan man, nihlawh kaih le kaih lo ti bantuk kha biapi ah an ruat. Cun, kum saupi South Korea nih top agenda ah a ruah zungzalmi cu North Korea he pehtlaihnak kong hi a si. Hi 1987 hnu South Korea ram kong he pehtlai in South Korea political scientist pawl nih an an ṭialmi capar, thesis le cauk pawl ka relmi chung in main point tete cu atanglei bantuk in ka rung langhter.

South Korea President hna

1. Professor Suh Byung Hoon (Songsil University). “ Toward A “Balanced Democracy” in Korea.

Korea society ah a mak ngaimi pakhat cu phaisa tumtlang kum saupi i khon hnu ah thilri ṭhatha i cawk hmanmi hi a si. Zei ruang ah ṭhanchonak ah silo in thilri cawknak ah khonmi phaisa an hman hnga ti hi khuaruahhar a si ko. Sifak le mirum ikhah lonak hi, hi bantuk ziaza nih a chuahpi. Korea ram ah democracy a ṭhan a nuarhnak cu Korean mipi nih democracy ah a biapimi mipi thazaang kha ahlei hluat in an zumh ca ah a si. A bik in Korea society hi zoh tikah pumpak zalonnak (individual freedom) nakin buu/ sang ca ah a biatak deuh. T.c, Korea society ahcun Kei – Kan tiah sullam a ngeimi “I/My- Na/Jaw” nakin “Our- Uri” kha an hman deuh; Uri Nara- 우리 나아/ 우리 동내. Hi bantuk ruang ah Liberalism a ṭha a der i, pumpak freedom kha a zor. Cucaah, Korea ram ah pumpak nih democracy an tehning hi a thawtnak a tling lo. Hi bantuk pawl phisin khawhnak ding ahcun democratic participation le political expertise ah lu hlinh in rian ṭuan deuh ahau. Lungsau te in cu lam in kal ahcun democracy thawtnak tling Korea ram ah a chuak te ko lai.

2. Professor Kim Sung-ho (Yonsei University). “The Constitutional Soul of Korea’s Democracy”.

Democracy cu Constitutionalism (phung zulh) a si tiah tiah a ruat i, 1997 ah President a rak i cuhmi Lee Hoi Chang timi pa arak um. Amah le amah cu “Mr. Rules of Law” arak i ti nain Roh Moo-hyun nih arak tei. Roh Moo Hyun chan cu constitutional court nih cozah policies tuahnak ah a uk hna tikah thim lomi Court nawl in ram an rak i hruai deuh. Cucaah, Constitutionalism is not democracy” a si ṭhan. Hi ruang ah mipi nih Constitution Court rian ṭuanning an rak au hnawh. Hitin a cannak cu Roh Moo Hyun president performance chiat ruang ah a si. Ahnu ah RMH cu 2014 March 12 ah hluttaw nih impeachment an tuah i, MP 271 chung ah 193 nih caan karlak rian dinhterding hnatlaknak an tuah. Cucaah, RMH nih cun amah a supporter hna sinah “citizen revolution” thawhding a forh hna. Kum tlawmpal a liam tikah Hluttaw thimnak an tuah i, RMH te parṭi nih teinak an hmuh. Cu hnu cun, cozah le hluttaw karah rianṭuan khawh deuh a hung si. RMH aa dinh hnu ah biachuah vai cu biaceihzung nih RMH a sualnak an thuhpiak ti bantuk tiang in a si. Cucaah, Korea ramkhel zoh tikah hluttaw, cozah, biaceihzung hna parti pakhat nih or President nih tlaih khawh kha rian lanhpinak ding ca ah rak biapi tukmi a si tiah alang. Cucaah, RMH chan i cawn awk cu democracy i, balancing le constitutional aa pehtlaihnak kha a si. Model : Roh Supporter => Hluttaw/Cozah/ Biaceihzung power tlaih => Rian ṭuan khawh.

3. Professor Kim Min- jeoung (University of Seoul). Women’s Participation in Politics

Korea nu pawl cu thlang lamh deuhmi nunphung ruang ah sianginn ca cawnnak, rian ṭuannak le ramkhel ti bantuk ah i telning pa he tahchunh ahcun a rak tlawm hringhran. 1970 hnu in cun sianghleiruun ah nu pawl kaining rate a karh, 1990 ah 53% in 2007 ahcun 61% a karh. Politics ah nu pawl nih tel arak harnak cu cozah nih an rak sermi structure pawl ruang ah a si; pa cu khua an ruat kho deuh, ral tuk an ṭhawng deuh. Nu hi zatlang ah thlanglamh deuh an si ca ah party candidate or President candidate an rak tling kho lo. 1970 ah thim ningcang aa thlen ruang ah nu hna cu thimnak ah an lut hna. Kum 2000 a hun lonh tikah Korean Leaguge for Women an the Union of Women ti bantuk tiang in nu hna cawlcanghnak cu hmunhma a hung la. 2013 ah Park Quen Hye cu President a tling, nu tuanbia a ṭial. 2022 President thimnak ah nu candidate an i tel. Hi bantuk sining ruang ah nu hna i, ramkhel tel tumnak cu hlan lio zatlang nunphung ruang ah thlanglamh rak si hman hna sehlaw democracy  an si deuhdeuh percentage  in an kai deuhdeuh timi kha hmuh khawh a si.

4. Professor Jin Young Jea  (Yonsei University). The Strengths and the weakness of government system in Korea

1987 Constitution nih democracy suttung tung (3) lakah Legislature branch hi power tam tuk arak pek hna. Tax, budget, public kong aa pehtlaimi investigate tuahnak nawl, cozah zung investigate tuahnak nawl, President siloah cozah official hna kha rian phawt siloah impeachment tuah khawhnak power tiang arak ngei. Executive branch nih cun policy making, leadership, bureaucracy  cawlcanghnak, ti bantuk lei kha ṭuanvo a lak ve. President nih Prime Minister le Minister pawl khanhnak nawl a ngeih bantuk in dinhternak nawl zong a ngei. President Kim Yong Sam (1993- 98) chan ahcun Prime Minister hi thla 10 ah pakhat in an thlen hna. Biaceihzung (Judicial branch) bawi cu President nih a thim i, hluttaw nih cohlanpiak a si ve. Nain, Judicial branch an nawl ngeihnak cu democracy a fekmi ram he tahchunh ahcun a niam ngaingai. Cucaah, a biapi in cun cozah le hluttaw hi an i suu tawn. President hi kum (5) in term khat ca lawng thim a si lio ah MP cu kum (4) ca term limit lo in thim khawh a si. Election period aa khat lo tikah cozah le hluttaw karah buainak tete a um tawn. A bik in President parṭi nih hluttaw ah teinak an hmuh lo tikah President nih a duhmi policy agenda an nunter kho ti lo. Cu bantuk in hluttaw ah ruling party kha President parti he an i dan ahcun agenda nunter ahar ve. Cu bantuk dirhmun an phak ahcun “Party Government Consulative Meeting”an tuah i, hluttaw le cozah kha an peh tonh hna.

5. Professor Seo Hyun Jin (Sungsin Women’s University). Controversy Over President  Term

President cu 1987 phunghram ning in term khat kum 5 lawng ṭuanding ti, a si. Sihmansehlaw, a cheukhat President nih cun U.S bantuk in term hnih peh hi a ṭha ko tiah an rak ruah ca ah phunghram remhding arak i timmi an rak um. Cu lakah, Roh Moo Hyun nih  term khat kum (4) in term hnih peh khawhding agenda a rak chuahmi nain Korea mipi le Korea politician nih an ruah cio tikah an rak cohlang lo. Cucu agenda cu hluttaw nih postpone an rak tuahpiak, President nih ahnu ah a agenda a hrawh ṭhan. Term sauh an duh lonakbik a ruang cu hramhram uknak authoritarian kut tang kan phan sual lai timi ruang ah a si. Korea ram ahhin 1948 in President cu term khat kum 4 in term hnih peh khawhding an rak ti. Sihmansehlaw, President Rhee Syng Man nih term limit mi phung a remh i, term 4 tiang a rak peh. Cu ruang ah ram buainak a rak chuak i, Park Chung Hee nih 1961 May 16 ah ralkap thazaang hmang in uknak a lak. Park Chung Hee uknak lak hnu 1962 thawk in President term cu kum 4 voikhat term khat in unlimited a si i, amah cu term 4 tiang arak peh ve. 1979 October 26 ah an thah ca ah amah achangtu ralbawi Chun Doo Hwan chan ahcun President tuan caan cu kum (7) a hung si. Sihmansehlaw, 1987 ah aa thlengmi ramkhel ruang ah phunghram thar a chuak. Cu 1987 phunghram in cun president cu term khat kum 5 lawng ṭuan khawh a hung si.  Kum (5) term khat a ṭuan cangmi President hna cu; Roh Tae Woo, Kim Yong Sam, Kim Dae jung, Roh Moo Myun, Lee Myung Bak, Park Quen Hey, Moon Jae in le Yoon Seok-yeol (tulio) hna hi an si. 

6. Professor Lim Seong-ho (Kyung Hee University). Creating Balanced President – Assembly Relations

Korea ram ah hluttaw pakhat a um i, National Assembly (NS) tiah an auh. President umnak cu Korea holh in 청와대 an ti, Mirang holh in Blue House (BH) ti a si. 1979 hlan ahcun NS hi President nih tam tuk a rak control, MP appoint khawhnak power tiang in arak ngei. Opposite party cu an rak um ve ko nain power limit arak si. President le cozah chiatnak chim ahcun thongthlak khawh a si fawn. Authoritarian chan an si ca ah a si. Park Chung Hee a thih tikah Chun Doo Hwan nih Park Chung Hee model cu tam tuk arak follow nain public voice arak tam tuk ruang ah NS cu hlan bantuk in phung sernak ah an hmang kho ti lo. Cu hnu 1987 ah democracy ram an hung si ca ah ram pumpi phunghram thar an hung ngei. President ah ralbawi hlun Roh Tae Woo a hung si. 1987 phunghram ning in President le NS power cu a cheu veve in ṭhen a si; Judicial branch cu phungning in rian an ṭuan deuh. RTW chan ah President le NS kar ah power conflict arak um ngai. Ralkap dohtu hna lei in Kim Yong Sam le Kim Dea-jung nih President an tlin tikah NS he pehtlainak a hung har chin. Nain, hi hna president pahnih cu charisma leader an timi an si hna ca ah public in mipi respect an rak hmuhning a lianngan ngaingai. Cu dih cun Roh Moo Hyun nih president a hun ṭuan tik ahcun NS le President karlak pehtlaihnak cu a chiakha chinchin. President party nih NS ah teinak an hmuh lo ca ah le President party kar ah lungrualnak a rak um lo ca ah a si. RMH cu impeach tiang an rak tuah i, caan tlawmpal power an lakpiak. Cu hnu ah NS election a um i, President RMH party nih an tei. Cu hnu ceo ah President le Blue house pehtlaihnak a ṭhangcho.

7. Professor Park Chan-wook (Seoul National University). Changing Patterns of lawmaking in Korea

1987 hnu i, National Assembly (NS) rian cu phunghram hman, phung thar ser le phung ṭha hlonh kha a tlangpi in a si. N.S ahhin phung serding biatung dirh duh tikah, MP nih agenda a ngeih ahcun hnatlakpi tu MP pa 10 + a ngei ahau. 2003 hlan ahcun MP 20 hnatlakpinak sign arak herh. NS nih phung an serning cu MP 10+ minthutnak in biatung cohlan (bill Introduction or bill member), Biatung kong ah purpose fianṭliang te in chim, phung serding or biatung he pehtlai in committee (bill committee) ser i, committee nih chuahpi mi cu general debate tuah. Cu dih cun a thlak ahcun N.A hall ah tuahmi meeting ah hnatlaknak lak a si. Hnatlaknak ngah lo sual ahcun MP 30 leng nih ni 7 chung ah hluttaw speaker sinah kherhhlai deuh ding nawl khawh ṭhan a si ve. N.A nih hnathlakmi cu Executive branch (President) sinah phung nunter ding lanhpi a si. President nih ni 15 chung ah hnatlak ahcun a nung. Sihmansehlaw, khuachel ahcun N.S chung ah MP cheuthum chung ah cheuhnih an pass mi bill a si ahcun phung ah Constitution ning in President nawl lo in a nung ve (Limited).

 

8. Professor Yoo Seung-ik (Ajou University). Long road to representation in the Assembly

* 1948 in 2008 karlak

Kum 60 (1948 -2008) karlak ah hluttaw National Assembly thimnak cu voi 17 tuah a si. N.S ah MP an tlawmbik  caan cu 6^th Assembly ah MP 182 in arak si i, an tambik caan cu 14^th Asembly ah MP 342 an si. 1948 in 2008 tiang ah MP a ṭuanmi 4,415/ 4398 an si, democracy hmuh hnu 1987 in cun 1,594 an si. Nihin NS cu MP 300 an um. MP milu i, 80% cu direct in voting (First past the post (FPTP)) in an thim hna i, atangmi 20 % cu proportional representation (nationwide in an zoh) in an thim. MP hna i average kum cu 54 a si, kum hngakchiabik cu 5^th Assembly in kum 26 MP arak si (Nihin MP lakah a ngakchia bik cu Ryu Ho-jeong a si i, kum 27 a si, PR in an thim). Kum 60 chung ah nu MP 142 an chuak, nu hna MP sinak cu democracy si hnu ah tam tuk te a karhmi alang. MP hna chuahnak (birth place) peng le tlang in zoh tikah Yeongnam peng in MP tampi an chuak i, 1,436 an si. Cu dih cun, Honam peng (914), Chungcheong (666) ti in an si. University in zoh tikah Seoul National University in a dihmi in 1,040 (27.2%), Korea University 357 (9.3%)  cu atam bik an si. Cu dih cun Military Academy sianginn le Yonsei University nih an zulh hna. Law major a lami nih MP an ṭuanbik. Cu hnu cun political science le diplomacy a cawngmi nih pahnihnak in a zulh. MP 1,670 cu ramdang ah sianginn a rak kai balmi an si. Cu hna lakah Japan sianginn kaimi (47%), US (40%) le China (5.6 %) an si. Kum 60 chung ah alangmi cu ramdang sianginn kai hna nih MP an ṭuanning rate hi a ṭumchuk. Cozah rian a ṭuan balmi hi 45% in MP an tling bik. MP term tam bik a ṭuanmi cu Kim Yong-sam, Park Joon-kyu le Kim Jong-pil an si i, voi (9) an ṭuan.

9.  Professor Yong Jong-bin (Myongji University) Causes and Consequences of deadlock in the National Assembly   

Korea hluttaw National Assembly cu mipi nih an mawhciat khun hleinak pahnih a um. Phung aherhmi an ser lonak le phung sermi a tlawm ruang ah a si, an ti (Consequences). Hi ti a caannak (Causes) cu pakhatnak ah political party le legislative body kar i, thil a ummi ruang ah ah a si. A bikin political party pawl nih an party in MP a tling mi kha an strick tuk hna. Phundang in political party nih hluttaw biachahnak kah a thurhnawmh ti a si. Pahninhnak cu professionalization an si lo, an ti. Hi ruang ah National Assembly hi mipi pawl nih an zum lo taktakmi body ah aa chuah. Korea society nh an zumh bikmi cu civil organization hi 40.3% in pakhatnak a si i, hluttaw cu 6.6% lawng a ngah (2005 survey data). Traditional leadership timi pengtlang tlanh model in new leadership model lei thlennak tete a um ruang ah Korea hluttaw i deadlocks cu a zor lei a panh lai i, phung an ser khawh deuh lai.

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February 3, 2023
Friday
Seoul

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