South Korea Ramkhel le Myanmar Ramkhel Tahchunhnak: Park Chung Hee vs Ne Win

South Korea cu vawleicung ram ṭhangchobik G-20 a lutmi ram a si i, a rum ngaimi ram pakhat a si. Sihmansehlaw, Japan sin in zalennak a hmuh 1945 in 1970 tiang hrawng cu vawleicung sifak bik ram ah a rak i tel. Myanmar ram cu kokek in ram rum pakhat a si. 1945-1970 tiang hrawng cu a rak nung kho ngaimi ram arak si. Phundang in hi lio world level in chim ahcun ram sifak tukmi ram ah Myanmar arak i tel lo. 1945 in 1970 karlak South Korea le Myanmar ram kan zoh ṭi ahcun Myanmar ram hi an rak nung kho deuh. Sihmansehlaw, 1970- 1988 karlak thil a cangmi ruang ah South Korea nih Myanmar ram cu a bawktakhuk in a hung leh. South Korea cu vanlei ah rang taktak in a ṭhanning a hung kai lio ah Myanmar ram cu a seh a rawkmi motor bang a ṭhanning a kal kho set lo. Cu ruang ah, hi kaa capar ah langhter ka duhmi cu hi bantuk i dannak a chuahtertu ramkhel sining kha a si. Pakhatnak ah ralkap uknak a rak lami Park Chung Hee le Newin i an dirhmun le an policy kha ka tahchunh lai. Pahnihnak ah, Zeiruang ah 1987 lio i a cangmi South Korea democratization cu hlawhtlinnak a hmu nain 1988 lio i a cangmi Myanmar ram democracy movement cu  hlawh tlinnak a hmuh lo ti ka kherhhlainak ka hung tuah lai.

South Korea le Myanmar Ram Tuanbia

Korea cu Japan nih 1910 ah a lak i, 1945 tiang a pen. Japan nih Korea a ukning hi Mirang nih Myanmar ram a ukning he tahchunh ahcun a rak chia-kha ngaingai, ti a si. Japan nih a uk lio ah sipuazi a miak paohpaoh cu Japan ram kalpi a hung si. Korea ramchung ah Japan mi milu an karh. Myanmar ram ahcun Mirang ukning cu miphun pakhat le pakhat aa dang cio nain Chin ram i, Mirang ukning cu Lai tuanbia ṭial thiam Pu Chawn Kio nih ti hin a ṭial. “Chjn Act Regulation ning in Mirang nih Ram uk Bawi kha Lairam cu a uk ter. Ram uk bawi cu mirang kut tang ah rian an ṭuan. Lahkhah an pe hna lo nain khuami nih chiah pakhatkhat kha an pek. Mirang nih Lai bawi cu an rem lo ahcun an phuah thulh hna”a rak ti. Cu a si tikah, Chinram i Mirang pennak cu Japan nih Korea a ukning he tahchunh ahcun rammi tampi ca ah a rak ṭha deuhmi colony a si ti khawh a si. Sinain, Pu Chawn Kio nih cun Lairam ahcun Mirang ukning nakin Japan ukning a ṭha deuh tiah a ṭial. U.S.A nih Japan ram Hiroshima le Nagasaki cu 1946 August 6 le August 9 nuclear bomb a thlak tikah Japan cu WW II ka sung a ti. Cu ruang ah Korea ram i Japan si hna seh Chin ram i Japan si hna seh “surrender” an tuah dih. Chin ram i, Japan ralkap pawl kong cu Pu Chawn Kio nih tihin arak ṭial. “Japan pawl nih Chin pawl cu zeidah an duh lobik hnga ti an hlat. An nu pawl tongpiak an duh lobik” tiah an timi an theih ca ah Japan pawl nih cun Chin nu pawl cu an rak upat ngaingai hna, a ti. Sihmansehlaw, Korea ram i Japan pawl dirhmun cu Pu Chawn Kio ṭialmi he cun an rak i dang ngaingai. “Comfort girl” an rak timi “lung diriamhtu nungak” ah Korea nu pawl kha an rak hman hna. Korea pa pawl thi hna seh cakei man te hna an rak kai ter. Hi ruang ah nihin tiang Korea le Japan cu an i rem kho set rih lo. Korea cu Japan nih zalennak a pek hnu ah US zohkhennak tang ah South Korea timi min cu a hung chuak. Japan nih a rak pen lio ah “Joseon”an rak ti hna nain, Japan nih ral a sungh tikah Joseon cu North Korea le South Korea tiah a hung i ṭhen kha a si. Nihin i kan hmuhmi South Korea ram cu August 15, 1948 ah a hung i ser chommi ram a si.  

Park Chung Hee Cozah le Ne Win Cozah An I Dannak Kherhhlainak

South Korea a hmasabik President cu U.S.A ah ca a cawngmi Lee Sung Man a rak si, democracy system in an ram cu an rak i hruai. Lee Sung Man chan cu Korea War (1950-1953) a chuah caan arak si. Khat te lei ah sipuazi lei ṭhanchonak a um lo lio caan a rak si fawn. Election an tuah i, Lee Sung-man nih thimfung firnak a tuah tiah an rak ruah ca ah 1960 April ah duh lonak langhternak fakpi in a rak chuak. May 16, 1961 ah Park Chung Hee nih South Korea ram uknak cu ralkap thazaang hmang in a rak lak. Myanmar ram cu 1948 i zalennak a hmu i, parliamentary democracy system in arak i hruai. Sihmansehlaw, Aung San version phunghram le Chan Htun version phunghram karlak i a rak ummi “State building model” ruang le Aung San a thih ruang ah Myanmar ram chung ah tlangcungmi cu an ngaih a chia, an thin a fak. Hi ruang ah ethnic conflict a rak karh. Hi lio hrawng cu ethnic conflict lawng si lo in Communist Party of Buram (CPB) le a cozah kar rak buainak zong a rak um rih. Taunggyi Conference nih ahrinmi Rangon khua i “Federal Seminar” cu Panglong ning in ram sersiam le ram sining zoh ṭhannak kha a rak si. Sihmansehlaw, seminar a rak dih hlan ah Ne Win nih uknak cu 1962 March 2 ah a rak lak.

Park Chung Hee i South Korea uknak a lak hnawhchan cu  ‘Um a nuammi ram serding saduhthah” ruah ah a rak si. Ne Win nih Myanmar ram uknak a rak lak cu “ram i ṭhen lai phan ah/ Federal ruang ah a buaimi ram daihter” duh ah a si. “Peace” kha aa hmai thlak. Park Chung Hee hi Japan nih Korea an rak uk lio ah Japan ralkap a rak si bantuk in Newin zong hi Aung San hruainak in Japan ram ah ral thiamnak a cawngmi “30 comrades” ah a rak i tel ve ca ah ralkap an thlakning tampi a rak i lo ti khawh a si. Hi lio South Korea ram a um dan cu international politics mit in kan zoh ahcun international politics i a hliah le a caang a rak si. Communist le Democracy an rak paihnak hmun a rak si. Hi lio cu vawleicung ah communist le democracy an rak paih lio a si ca ah South Korea le North Korea cu vawleicung ram tampi nih zoh le ngiat an ton lio caan arak si. Cu ruang ah South Korea mi US

#	Park Chung Hee	Ne Win
Outcomes	Growth	Non-growth
Military Skill	Yes (Japanese)	Yes (Japanese)
IR	Anti- Communist and Union Alliance	No
Economics Strategy	Open economy, trade	Closed economy, no trade
Policy	Management: New Village Program, Industrialization	Repression insurgency group but failed
Security sector	North Korea or communist	Ethnic insurgency group
National goal	Growth	Peace and militarization

 (Park le Ne Win tahchunhnak )

sianginn kai hna nih Park Chung Hee cu biatak te in an-communist a sinak kha US President le cozah sin ah an rak chim. US nih thimnak tuah kha a rak fial ca ah phunghram an ser hnu ah 1963 August thla ah party tampi tel in thimfung thlaknak an rak tuah. Thimnak cu an rak tuah nain free and fair thimnak si lo in thimnak sawsawh a rak si ca ah Park Chung Hee nih a rak tei peng hna. Sihmansehlaw. US he alliance an sinak thawng in international politics ah a mit a hung au khawh. Park i economy strategy kan zoh tikah Industrialization kha papek in a tuah. Innkhat sehzung pakhat ngeih ter kha aa zuam. Khua te ca ah “Semaul Undung _ New village movement a tuah pi hna. Semaul Undung tuahnak ah a fel deuhmi cu phaisa tam deuh arak chap hna. A foinak in Park i economy strategy cu open economy a si ca ah ramdang mi he trade an tuah khawh. Ram chungmi nih anmah rian te an ṭuan khawh ve. Hi bantuk ruang ah Park Chung Hee nih a hruai kum 10 chung ah South Korea cu let 40 a hung ṭhang. Hi ruang ah political scientist tampi nih “Miracle of Han River” tiah an rak ti phahnak kha a si.

Ne Win nih Myanmar ram uknak a lak 1962 in 1974 karlak cu phunghram lo in ram an hruai. Tlangcungmi he ral an rak i do lengmang. Khat te lei ah, democracy le communist karlak ah a dirhmun kha fiang te in a langhter lo ca ah hawikom ngaingai a rak ngei lo. China he an i komh pah nain China ram hruaitu Mao Zedong nih Communist Party of Burma (CPB) a rak bawmh hna tiah an rak ruah ca ah ahnu ah Ne Win nih China he i komh cu a duh ti lo. Hi ruang ah international politics mit in kan zoh ahcun international politics hmang in trade, import le export te pawl kha South Korea bantuk in arak um lo ti hmuh khawh a si. Economy strategy ah “Äutarky -closed model” a rak hmang ca ah trade a rak um lo leng ah rammi nih khua le ram ca ah rian ṭuan a tlawm ca ah economic outcomes cu “fail” a si tiah ruah khawh a si. Ram humhimnak lei in kan zoh a si ahcun South Korea cu Communist (North Korea) ral an rak ṭih ngai ve lio caan a rak si bantuk in Myanmar ram zong ah hriamtlai le Ne Win cozah kar ah buainak tete a rak um ve ca ah hi lio caan ram hnih tonmi cu security sector ah rian nganpi an ngei veve tinak kha a si. Ne Win nih phaisa a rak thah zong kha tlangcungmi hriamtlaimi tei ruah ah a si tiah Lian Hmung nih a ṭial.

Development outcomes lei kan zoh ahcun Park Chung Hee i economy strategy cu hlawhtlinnak a rak hmu ca ah South Korea cu ram ṭhangcho ah a hung i chuak. Park Chung Hee cu amah he aa naihniammi Kim Jae-gyu nih Park kum 40 a rak si kum 1979 October 26 ah a rak thah. Hi ruang ah Seoul khuachung ah democracy duhtu nih caan ṭha la in democracy duhnak langhternak an rak tuah ca ah Chun Do-hwan nih a voihnihnak ralkap thazaang hmang in uknak a rak lak. Chun Do-hwan nih uknak a rak lakning hi cu Myanmar ram ah 1988 buainak arak um i, Saw Maung nih ralkap thazaang hmang in uknak a rak lak bantuk kha a rak si ve ko. Sihmansehlaw, hi ti political thlennak rak um ko hman sehlaw South Korea a ṭhanning cu ahram a rak feh cang ca ah cho lei ah a kai duahmah ko. Myanmar ram bal cu 1988 nih a muia chiat ter chin ca ah a ṭhancho rate cu tlawmtuk in a hung um.

                Figure 1, S. Korea le Myanmar ram an ṭhanning tahchunhnak (Source: World Bank)

II. Zei Ruang ah South Korea ah Democracy Movement nih teinak a hmuh nain Myanmar ram democracy movement cu sunghnak a co.

South Korea ah democracy movement voithum a rak um. 1960 April thla ah voikhat, 1979 August 16 in aa thawk i 1980 ah a dongmi voikhat, 1987 July thla ah vawleicung democratization third wave he a chuak ṭimi voikhat tin voi thum arak um bal. Hi chung ah 1987 i a rak cangmi “democracy movement” cu South Korea ram i ahnubik democracy movement a si leng ah fak ngai in buainak a chuakmi a si ca ah nihin tiang philh khawh lomi ah a hung i cang. Democracy movement a hnubik timi sullam cu democracy a duh tu pawl nih an duhmi democracy an co ca ah a chuakmi bia a si. Democracy ah democracy movement nih zeitin in a thlen hna timi theory kan hun zoh lai.

-Democratization theory (causes of democratization, success, frustration)

1. Structural Approach: Economic Development, Political Culture, Class Conflict, Social Structure (Lipset, Choi Jang Ji)
2.   Strategic Selection Approach: Strategic Selection of Related Actors at the Elite Level (Hyukbaek Lim) : Dictator, opposition party, leader of democratic forces, short-term, momentary choice, Democratization by compromise.
3. Social movement theory approach: Mobilizing public pressure for political change the e power of the people. Massive protest.
4.  Political economy approach: The socioeconomic crisis weakens the legitimacy of the existing political system (Kim Young-tae)
5. Approach to international context: various forms of external democratization pressure

Afoinak in South Korea cu an ram kha democracy phak ding ah economic lei ah develop arak si cang leng ah international politics in democracy ukning kalding pressure peknak a rak um rih. Eg, Chun Do-hwan kha U.S.A nih “1988 Summer Olympics” na tuah kho lai lo ti bantuk in an rak tlerh. Cu leng ah pumpak le ramkhel kong ṭhanchonak zong a rak um rih. Acung i 5 chung ah a tam deh an tlinh ca ah democracy cu a rak chuak tinak a si. Myanmar ram i democracy movement nih democracy a chuahter lonak pakhat cu 1988 cozah cu a theory ning in cun democracy hmuh ding ah a rak i thlakmi herhhai a rak ngei rih lo tinak a si. Cucu a cung i panga hna kha an si. Biana ah, international politics in pressure a rak um lo. Ram kha economic lei ah a rak ṭhang ngaimi ram arak si lo. Mipi nih ralkap kha tei lak in thazaang an chuah kho lo. Hi bantuk i dan ruang ah South Korea cu democracy a hung si nain nihin tiang Myanmar ram cu democracy ngaingai ti awk ṭha lo in “Hybrid Regime” level lawng a hung phan kho rih.

___

References:

1.       임혁백, 제 10장. 「박정회와 산업화 시간 1961-1972」. P 448-491

2.       한배호 7-8장, 「박정회의 개발주의 국가는 무엇을 이룩했는나」 p. 247-321

3.       강원택, 제8장 민주화, 「한국정치론」

4.       김용철(2015), 「한국의 민주화운동과 민주화 : 성공과 좌절」

5.       Lian Hmung Sakhong and Paul Keenan, Ending Ethnic Armed Conflict in Burma. Published bu BCES (now CDES) 

Read More