Ram uk phunghrampi timi cu rammi nih zeitin kan i thathnem khawh lai timi hoih in ser siammi a si. Hi phunghram a ngeitu cu mipi an si i, hi phunghram cu mipi le mipi nih thimmi cozah (or) hruaitu kar ah ningcang lo in thil a um lo nakhnga hnatlaknak tuahnak biakam (contract) a si. Khat lei ah, phunghram tial a sinak cu ram mi vialte i an nuhrin covo kha a cozah (or) hruaitu nih ningcang te in a upat i, a kilven ding a si. Khat te lei in, Phunghram nih hin cozah i thil tuah khawhmi rate kha limit a tuah. Phunghram cu rammi nih an nawl ngeihnak hmang in an duhmi policy hoih in sermi dan a si fawn.
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1. The Organ of Constitution
(a). Rampi nawl ngeihnak: Phunghram nih rampi nawl ngeihnak hi ho sinah a um ti a fian ter lai. Siangpahrang chan ahcun rampi nawl ngeihnak cu siangpahrang sinah a um dih. Ditactor uknak ahcun ditactor sinah a um dih. Democracy ahcun mipi sinah a um. Mipi sinah a um ti kha phunghram ahcun fiangte in langhter a si fawn.
(b). Rammi sinnak: Phunghram nih rammi sinak le sining kong hi fiang fai te in a ṭial. Minung nih i chuahpimi covo lakah mah duhning in zalong te in chim rel khawhnak, mah duhmi biak khawhnak, mah duhning in paw i cawm khawhnak, thil ngeih khawhnak, minung he i lawh in nunnak ti bantuk hoih in phung tampi in nuhrin covo upat in ṭial a si. Phunghram ning in rammi a uktu ding kha rammi nih zalong te in thim khawhnak, mah zong kha thimnak ah i tel khawhnak (MP luh duh ahcun luh khawhnak).tbk,.. kha rammi sinak ahhin tling te in langhter a si.
(c). Fundamental Rights: Minung hi zatlang buu, minung, cozah nih pek khawh lomi le ṭhen khawh lomi nuhrin covo a ngeimi kan si. Mah ngeihmi cu zauk phung in aa hruaimi ram ahcun upat a si. Cucu fundamental rights cu phun hnih in ṭhen a si i, pakhatnak cu: "Cozah kha tuah hlah" tiah ri a khammi a si i, adang pakhat cu "Cozah kha tuah lo ngah lo" in order bantuk in pekmi a si. "Cozah nih tuah lo hlah" timi (Cozah rikiah piakmi lakah I chuahpi mi minung covo) zalong te in chim phuan khawhnak, Mah duhmi te zumh khawhnak, tbk,.. pawl hi an si.
"Cozah nih tuah hrim ding" timi cu "Affirmative right" tiah an ti i, miphun hme (minority ethnic) i, an nunphung, an ca le an holh ti bantuk kha ṭhancho ter ding le ram chung i a thancho lo bik kha cawi san ding ti bantuk kha a si.
(d). The Rule of Law
The rule of law timi cu rammi vialte kha upadi hmai ah kan i khat dih timi sullam a si. Hi zawn te hi democracy ram ahcun phunghram ah an telh zungzal. 1215s ah "Magana Carta_ Book by King of England" nih a rak chuakmi chanthar ramkhel khuaruahnak pakhat a si. Arak chuahnak cu siangpahrang le ram hruaitu hna nih rammi kha sualnak ngei lo in phunghram he ralchan in tlaih i, dantatnak um lo ding. Taza zung nih dantatnak a tuah cun tuah siseh. Sihmansehlaw minung pakhatkhat nih sual dantatnak tuah hlah seh...tbk,.. in siangpahrang (or) hruaitu pakhatkhat nih a duh paoh in rammi dan a tat lo ding in a rak chuakmi system pakhat a si. Khat te lei ah, upadi hmai ah mi vialte kan i khat dih. Bawi an si ah, bawi lo bawi an si ah a sual ahcun sual dantatnak in siseh timi kha alanghter duhmi a si. (No man is above in the law).
(e). Rampi nih a sermi ramkhel policy pawl (အေျခခံမူမ်ား) (အေျခခံမူမ်ား (or )Rammi nih ramkhel kong (or) Ukning cang i a hmanmi ramkhel policy)
Hihi phunghram ah telh hrimhrim ahauhnak cu ram pakhat zoh tikah an hmanmi ukning policy nih an ram cu communist maw a si, democracy maw, socialist maw? Siloah, Biaknak hram a bunhmi ram maw? Siloah, Daihnak le luatnak a upatmi ram maw an si? ti bantuk kha fian khawh a si.
(Eg, 1947 Phunghram kha 1961 ah an remh hnu ah Myanmar ram cu Bodah biaknak kha rampi biaknak ah a hman (A taw aa danh_ Base ah a chiah). 1974 Phunghram zoh tikah Socialist kha a duhmi a si ti le, 2008 Phunghram zoh tikah (Chapter 6) ralkap uk phung in aa donhmi (base ah chia in) i aa hruaimi si, a si timi kha fiang te in a lang.
(f). Form of Government
Hi nih a chim duhmi ram pakhat i tungtlang pathum a simi, excutive kha a ti duhmi a si lo. Ram pakhat i atungtlang pathum (executive, legislative, Judicial) hna nih zei tin phunghram ning in an i ṭhenning a si timi he aa pehtlai (Pathum kha zeitin an form timi sullam a si). Siangpahrang uknak le ditactor uknak ahcun hi ram uknak tungtlang pa (3) hi anmah uktu kut ah a um dih nain chanthar hruai ning cang a simi democracy chan ahcun ram uknak tungtlang pa 3 cu an i then i an hman. Cucu "Separation of power" an ti.
Democracy phung ahcun hi tungtlang pa (3) i an riantuan nih hi ttha te in ṭhen a si. Ho nih dah power a ngeih deuh timi zong check lengmang a herh. Cucu "Check and Balance" an timi cu a si. Pakhat le pakhat kha power co ning an i dan awk a si lo; pakhat nih adang pakhat kha influence a tuah ti bantuk zong a si awk a si lo.
Tahchunhnak ah, US ramkhel umdan kan zoh lai....
1. Hluttaw (Lower hluttaw le Upper hluttaw) nih phunghram an ser. Cucu phunghram cu President nih a duh lo ahcun veto in a thah khawh. President nih vuanci pawl rian a khinh khawh nain hluttaw nih hnatlakpi aherh. Rampi i reng sang deuh pawl paohpaoh cu President nih a duh paoh in rian a khinh kho lo, hluttaw nih a hnatlak i, a pass piak hrim aherh. President nih rammi taza zung (Superme Court) ca ah taza-tu gyi chok rian a pek khawh nain hluttaw nih a hnathlakmi lawnglawng ah supreme court judges pawl rian pekning cu phungning a si. Hluttaw nih phunghram a ser. Nain, Supreme Court nih ram pumpi phunghram he aa tlak lo a ti ahcun a thlak khawh.
(Democracy ram ukning: Parliamentary system, Presidential system le Simi- Presidential system ti'n then thum in tthen a si.)
(g) Form of State
Ram serning hi cu phunghram i a nunnak bantuk a si ee tiah mifim cheukhat nih an ti. Aruang cu ram serning nih phunghram vialte a tuam ca ah a si. Khat te lei in, Ram hi "One Union - Ta pyitaungsuh" ah maw kan ser lai "Union- pyituangsuh" in dah ti bantuk ... Form of State hi kan zoh i a buaithlak ngaimi problem pakhat in kan chim ahcun "Union" hi zeitin ser a si i, Union cozah le Union member nih zeitin power an i pekning (Division of powers) a si ti hi a si. A tawinak in cun democracy ram taktak ahcun Union cozah le ramṭhen cozah karlak i "division of power- power i ṭhen" hi ttha te in an tuah i, ram tthen cozah kha an ram ca ah full in self determination an pek. Cu ti i, full in mah te uknak a ngahmi ram tthen nih cun phunghram an ser tikah Union phunghram he kalh (or) ralchan lo in mah le duhning te anmah uknak phunghram cu ser khawh a si.
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2. "The organ of Federalism"
Fedaralism hi vawleicung tampi nih hmanning aa dang cio nain atang lei i ka langhter mi hi kan ram he aa tlakbik lai tiah ka ruahmi a si.
=> Federalsim kong fiang deuh in rel
1. Voluntary Associations (Mah le duhning te in vaa fonh).
Pyitaungsuh ti ahcun pyitaungsuh i chungtel a simi cu amah duh te in aa telnak hmun ah a rak rami a si. Ram pakhat a si ah, mibuu pakhat an si ahcun anmah lung thawh te in rak i tel a si. Cu ti i, i fun i sermi cu (Pyituhsuh timi Federal) a si. Myanmar ram in kan zoh ahcun Pinlung Sachok kha Pyituhsuh timi federal cu a si ko. Ho hmanh nih hrocer ruang ah rak i tel a si lo, mah duh te in rak i tel cio asi ca ah a si. A tawinak in cun federal cu kanmah duhte in kan i tel i, kan sermi kha a si.
2. Self- Rule and Shared- Rule (Mah te uknak le uk ttinak)
Union chungtel kan sinak cu kan ram le kan hmun, le kanmah nih kan duh ca ah a si. Cucu kan khua le kan ram le kan ram ca i a ttha bikmi cu kanmah "rammi" nih kan duhning in ukding tuanvo kan ngei. Cucu Self-rule ti kha a si ko. Cu ti i, kan ti tikah Federal kha mah te in ukning a si dih tinak si lo in, kanmah pipu vawlei siseh, ram funtu si hna seh, mipi dihlak kha fonh in federation cu ser asi ca ah "Union" pi he rian tuan tti ding kha asi. Cucaah federation ning in aa ukmi ram ahcun self-rule le shared-rule (fonh in ukning) hi a herh hringhranmi an si.
3. Self Determination
Ram hun (Federation) ah pipu ram le adangdang kha fonh in ser a si ko nain atak te ahcun rammi nih an i chuahpi mi nuhrin covo i self-determination kha cu thlau an duh lo. Mah te khuakhannnak kha hmang in mah duhning in pipu ram or Pyiduangsuh kha sersiam a si lai. Cucaah, ram then nih a herhmi ram tthen cozah te pawl kha amah duhning in sersiam khawh a si.
4. Pyi Nee le Pyi Taung Suh karlak power i share ning
Mah te ti khawh lomi, dihlak fonh in tuah aherhmi thil a um tikah mah zong i tel ve i, adang federal state zong telh in pyituang suh level in thil cu phisin a si. Pyi taung suh level in phisin ding pekmi cu; Ram pumpi kilven ding, Ramdang he pehtlaihning, Phaisa i hrawm ding, Kg,g (Cuai thlai) te pawl a rit thlai ningcang tbk,,.. hi an si. Pyi nay nih pyitaungsuh rian a timi a um bantuk in an pahnih in tuan tti ding an timi rian zong a um ve. Cucu "Concurrent power" an ti.
Pyitaungsuh nih tuanding timi le pyi nay le pyitaungsuh tuan tti ding rian lawng si lo in adang te in a ummi power cu "Residual power - A tangmi power) an ti. Mah hi RP hi democracy ram tampi ahcun pyi nay sinah pekchan a si tawn.
(Ram then rian, pyituangsuh rian, ram then le pyituangsuh rian le residual power)
5. I fonh i, ram pumpi ca rian tuan
Self-determination a ngeimi vialte nih rual (equal) in pyi taung suh ca ah rian t'uan aherh. Cu ti i, t'uan aherhnak cu phunghram hrim ah tel a hau. Cucu ram pumpi daihnak, ram pumpi thanchonak, ram pumpi a kenkip in chansaunak or thannak... Hitin rian tuannak ah ram pakhat i a tungtlang (excutive, judicial le Legislative) kha ningcang te in ser i, rian cu tuan ding a si. Hi pathum lakah judicial nih hin phung a ser lai i, zeitin rian ttuan ding kong he pehtlai in phunghram ah ttha te in a langhter lai. Pyituangsuh ahhin equal te in i tel ding le pyituangsuh system ah power aa khatmi hluttaw pahnih a um aherh. Cucu lower hluttaw le upper hluttaw timi kha a si.
Federal system ahhin amyota hluttaw (upper hluttaw) ser a sinak cu pyitaungsuh chungtel hna nih equal te in an i teltum ding ca ah a si. Cucaah, Amyota hluttaw nih hin mipi kha direct in ai a awh lo. Ram then (State) kha ai a awh. Pyituaungsuh i aa rual (equal) te in aa telmi chungtel cu rual te in ai awhtu an ngei lai (State a ngan le minung um dan aa khat ahcun).
Amyota hluttaw bantuk in federal ram ahcun ram minung ai awh tu Pyituh hluttaw zong ser ahau. Pyituh hluttaw cu democracry ram ahcun rammi zat (population) kha ai a awh, kusa a pyoih. Mi a tam deuhmi ram tthen ahcun kusale kha tam deuh an ngei lai i, atlawm deuhnak ahcun atlawm deuh in kusale an ngeih lai tinak sullam a si.
Cu ca cun, federation ram ahcun ramthen ai a awhmi Amyota hluttaw le Democracy a duhmi mipi ai a awhmi Pyituh hluttaw ti hi a um ahau. Hihi hluttaw pahnih fonh in pyitaungsuh hluttaw timi cu a chuak.
6. Ram pumpi himhumnak
Ram pumpi himhumnak cu Pyi taung suh ah aa telmi vialte i an rian a si. Hi tin kilvennak ca ah hin phung pahnih in an hman theo, (a) Uk ningcang (b) Humhim ningcang hi a si. Ukning cang ahhin ram tungtlang i ukning cang, Taza sizin zi, Upadi ser tu hna he aa pehtlaimi cozah in tazazung rian tuan tu, hluttaw chungtel in cozah riantuan tu tiang an i tel dih. Humhimnak ahcun rampi humhimnak le rem dai te in kilvengtu ca ah rian pekmi ralkap le palik kha an i tel. Federal system cu mah le uknak (Self-determination) le uk ttinak (Share Rule) in fonh in ukmi a si ca ah ram humhimnak ser tik zong ah ram then level le Union level ti'n pahnih in a um. Ramtthen nih aherh ning in a ram ca ah humhimnak zoh khentu "State Militia" kha a ser khawh ve timi sullam a si. Ram humhimnak bal cu zapi nih sermi kha a si awk a si.
7. Thil Ngeining cang
Tax system: Federal system ahcun tax hi ram t'hen le rampi huap ti'n pahnih in pek a herh, Pyinay sinah pekmi cu pyinay nih ahman i, pyitaungsuh i pekmi cu pyitaungsuh nih ahman
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8. Secular State (Biaknak ah ram a punh lomi ram)
Ram pakhat hi sining tampi in sermi a si i, Myanmar ram level in kan zoh ahcun kan ram cu biaknak phun tampi, nunphung tampi le holh tampi tbk,.. sining tampi in sermi ram a si. Hi bantuk sining tampi in sermi ram ahcun sining cio kha upat pek in uk kha federal i a duhmi cu a si. Cucu democracy ram i, nuhrin covo timi kha a si.
Miphun pakhat te lawng umnak ahcun holh pakhat kha ram holh ah ser in biaknak pakhat zong kha ram biaknak ser khawh a si ko. Hi bantuk biaknak khat, holh khat, phunkhat ram ahcun ikhat ning hoih in phunghram kha ser a si ve. Sihmansehlaw, Biaknak tampi, miphun tampi, nunphung tampi a umnak ahcun biaknak pakhat, nunphung pakhat, phun phunkhat hoih in phunghram kha ser awk a tha lo. Myanmar ram tuanbia kan zoh tikah Kawl nih amyota naing-ngai ser an duh (U Nuh, Ne Win, Saw Mawng). Hi bantuk in Myanmar ram kha Kawl ram timi Kawl miphun pakhat, Bodah a biakmi pakhat, Kawl holh le Kawl ca ahmangmi pakhat si an rak duh ca ah nihin tiang kan ram cu a buai.
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