“Myanmar Ram Remhdaihnak Lamtluan le Miphun hna Ramkhel "

 1. 1950s: Peace Movements

Thakhin Kodaw Hmaing nih U NU cozah aiawh in a hruai, hi lio hriamtlai hna a simi KNU, CPB le ralkap karlak ah remh daihnak a um nakhnga rak i zuammi a si. Karen miphun hna cu 1947 February 12 i Shan ram Panglong khua ah Kachin, Shan, Chin le Burman nih “Panglong Sachok” nih min thutmi ah tel lo. Karen cu anmah uknak a rak duhmi an rak si ca ah U Nu cozah nih State kan serpiak ahcun KNU cu an dai men lai tiah arak ruah ca ah Karen State cu 1952 ah ser arak si. Sihmansehlaw KNU nih cun state serpiak menmen kha an duhmi arak si lo. Thakhin Kodaw Maing nih arak zumhmi cu step pahnih in hmuh khawh a si; ton biaruahnak  dih in ral daihter kha a si. Sihmansehlaw, ralkap tu nih cun kan ṭhawn ahcun raltho hriamtlai pawl cu an dai lai i, daihnak a um ko lai ti tu in an rak ruat. Cucaah, 1950 in 1960 remh daihnak cu ruahning i dan cio ruang ah a phi ngaingai a rak chuak kho lo_a sung a paw.

Ramchung ral daihding duhnak a langhtermi Myanmar rammi hna

2. 1960 - 1970

Panglong min thut he ralkak in 1947 September ah Burma ram cu unitary state in ser a si tikah tlangcung miphun hna cu an lung arak tling ti lo. Cucaah a cheukhat cu ramtang ah hriam an tlai i, a cheukhat cu ramchung ah ramkhel biaruahnak in Federal Movement an rak tuah. Cucu biaruahnak hoih in 1962 ah Rangon ah Federal Seminar an rak tuah nain, Seminar a dih hlan March 2 ah Ne Win nih uknak a lak. Ne Win nih uknak alak ni ah a chimmi cu "Federal nih Myanmar ram a hrawh  lai" ti, a si_ federal biafang zong hman a khap. Tlangcung mi hruainak in tuahmi Federal Movement hruaitu a simi Sao Shwe Thaike cu an inn ah ralkap nih an rak tlaih leng ah a fapa kum 17 a simi Sai Myee cu  an rak thah. Amah Sao Shwe Thaike cu Myanmar ram President hmasabik arak si nain thonginn chung ah ram ca ah a nunnak tiang arak pek. 1962 July 7 ah Rangon ah Ne Win cozah nih siangngakchia 15 a thah i, 27 leng hma an rak pu ruang ah ramchung ah buainak a chuak ṭhan I, siangngakchia tampi cu Communist Party of Burma le tlangcung hriamtlai hna sinah ralkap dohding ah an rak lut hna.

1963 June thla ah Ne Win nih Revolution Council min in hriamtlai phu pawl cu Rangon ah remh daihnak serding arak sawm hna. Cu biaruahnak ahcun Shan, Karen, Kachin, Kareni le Communist hriamtlai phu pawl cu an hung phan. Sihmansehlaw, rem daihnak biaruahnak cu atlam arak tling lo. Hi tonnak kong he pehtlai in Kachin lei nih an chimmi cu, "Ralkap nih an chimmi cu cohlan awk a tlak lo. Hriamtlai hna cu kan umnak hmun te ah hriamtlai ding le, anmah nawl lo in aleng ah chuah lo ding ti bantuk aa tel. Cu leng ah, hriamtlai rian ṭuannak siseh, fundraising te pawl tuah  ngol ding, armed camp cu Revolutionary Council he naihniam te in a um lai ti bantuk aa tel ti,a si. Kachin nih an chimm bantuk in CPB nih document an chuah ve.

Hi ton biaruahnak, Shan nih cun 1962 hlan i Federal kong i ceihning kha tharchuahding, Kachin nih cun independent country, Mon le Karen zong nih hi bantuk hi an rak ruah ve. Communist Party of Arakan nih cun union in chuah i, People's Republics of Arakan ser arak si. Hi bantuk a si ruang ah ralkap nih an duhmi cu hriamtlai tampi nih an rak zulh duh lo nain acheukhat hriamtlai pawl cu ralkap sinah hriam a rak chiami zong an rak um ve. Cu lakah KNU hruaitu pakhat a simi Saw Hunter Thamwe timi Musso Kawkasa zong 1963 ah hriam arak chia ve. Cucaah hi tan ralkap nih remh daihnak ser a timhmi cu hriamtlai hna surrender ter kha a si, tiah hmuh khawh a si.

3. 1970: Peace Talks

Hi lio caan cu CPB a rak ṭhawn ngai lio a si i, CPB nih hin Chaklei Shan ram i Wa, Kokang, Kengtung ram ahkhin hmun tampi arak lak khawh i, cu hmun cu anmah hmun arak si. Cu leng ah Bego Yoma ah zung an rak ser. CPB ralkap chung ahhin China ralkap Red Guard zong an i tel ti arak si. Hi lio KIO cu CPB he ralkap he a rak domi an si. Ralkap cozah nih KIO cu CPB do ding in, hriam kan in bawmh hna lai ti bantuk siseh, anmah kuttang local militia force ah um ding in biaruahnak a rak ngeih hna. Sihmansehlaw, KIO nih cun CPB tu he remh daihnak arak tuah i, ralkap cu an rak do ṭi. China cozah nih CPB sin in KIO cu indirect in bawmhnak rak pek ve caah KIO cu arak ṭhawng ngaingai i Kachin ram chung ah hmunhma tampi arak kauh khawh. Sihmansehlaw, acheukhat KIO hruaitu chung ahhin Communist a domi an i tel. Cu lakah Thai ramri ah a umm i KIA hruaitu pawl cu China Communist arak domi Word Anti Communist League ah a rak cawlcangmi an rak um. Cu buu hnu ah Taiwan tlatu Chiang Kai Sek, U.S le democracy ram tampi an rak dir ca ah KIO chung ah ideology lei ah i khah lonak tete arak um, ti khawh a si.

4. 1980s: Amnesty and Peace Talks

1980 hrawng cu CPB pawl nih China Communist bawmhnak in uknak an kauh khawh ngai caan kha arak si. Vietnam ral lio ah US nih arak chimmi cu Southeast Asia ram ah Communist kan hrawh khawh lo ahcun SEA ah Communist a khat lai tiah fakpi in an ra chim lio caan a si. Atak ah Communist cu Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam ah an karh thluahmah. Hi bantuk a si ca ah ralkap zong nih Communist ral cu an rak i ralring ngai ca ah fakpi in an rak do ve. Cu lakah 1975 i Pegu Yoma ah CPB le ralkap karlak i donak cu arak fak ngaingai timi a si. Cu raldohnak ahcun CPB hruaitu bik Thakhin Than Tun telh in hruaitu tampi an rak thah hna. Hi bantuk in Myanmar ram chung ah CPB ral an thawh lio ah China ram ah ram uktu Mao Zeadong cu a thih ai. Amah cu Deng Xiaoping nih a chaan. Deng nih China policy tampi a remh ca ah ahlan bantuk in CPB cu bawmhnak an hmu ti lo leng ah CPB chungtel cheukhat hna cu China ram chung ah um in pensen la ding arak sawm hna. Hi bantuk China ram i uktu thlennak chance kha hmang in May 24, 1980 ah Myanmar ralkap nih hriamtlai pawl cu thla thum chung ah hriam chia arak sawm hna. Cu ruang ah CPB in hriamtlai 450, KIO in 400, Karen in 260, Kokang in 160 le Thai ramri in 450 cu hriam an rak chia. An dihlak in 1,720 an si. Sihmansehlaw ralkap cozah nih cun 2,257 an si tiah a thanh. Cu lakah Burma ram Prime Minister hlun.U Nu zong arak i tel ve.

Hriam a chia mi an um ko bu ah hriam a tlaimi an um ve rih ca ah 1981 May thla ah CPB le KIA cu remh daihnak biaruah ding ah ralkap cozah nih cun an rak sawm ṭhan hna. An rak i tong i, CPB nih an chuahpi mi cu; CPB cu hriam he ramkhel organization ah legally in cohlan ding le China ramri ah "liberated area" ngeihding ti a si. Nain, cucu ralkap lei in biachimtu Aye Ko te nih an rak al hna. CPB tu cu local militia or Ka-kwe-yia (KKY) ah um i, BSSP ah luhding an ti hna. Hi bantuk duhmi i dan ruang ah remh daihnak biaruahnnak cu a cat. Khat te lei ah, Kachin ram ah 1980 August in May 1981 tiang KIO, Kachin cozah le biaknak lei upa hna Myitkyina township i khua pakhat ah remhdaihnak serding biaruahnak an rak tuah. Hi lio ah mediator a tuannmi biaknak lei upa hna nih KIO le ralkap i kah ruang ah mipi an temhnak kong fakpi in an chim. Cun, China uktu thlen ruang ah CPB nih ahlan bantuk in KIA a bawmh khawh ding a si lomi ruang ah Kachin ram independent chunmang cu atak ah a si kho ti lai lo ca ah daihnak tu tuahding in an forh hna.

Cu biaruahnak in cun step a hung kai khawh deuh ca ah ram pumpi cozah he tonding in KIO Chairman Brang Seng, GS Zawng Hra ti bantuk cu 1980 October thla ah Rangon an phan. An rak i ton deuh hlan ah Judson Baptist Church pumh lio ah KIO Chairman nih, "ralkap nih kan ram ah self- autonomy a kan pek ahcun kan hriam kan chiah ko lai, tiah arak chim. Cu ti a chimmi cu ralkap minung nih a thli te in an ngiat hna ca ah an rak theih cia. Ralkap lei in Tin Oo, San Yu te pawl le an i ton tikah KIO nih cun "self-autonomy" cu an hal taktak hna. Sihmansehlaw, San Yu nih cun BSSP lawng hi ram pumpi party ah cohlan ding le, rehabilitation dah ti lo cu kan tuah kho lo ti, a si ca ah i tonnak cu a rak dong. Sihmansehlaw, Kachin mi nih " self-autonomy" biafang cu an rak uar ngaingai ca ah hi tonnak ah KIO nih a miak an hmuh ngai ti khawh a si. A foinak in 1980 remh daihnak ser zong cu ahlan bantuk in ralkap cozah nih an kut tang ah hriamtlai pawl luhter kha si. Hriamtlai pawl nih chuahpi cohlan lo le hriamtlai nih ralkap cozah duhmi zulh khawh lo ruang ah arak cat ti kha hmuh khawh a si.

5. 1989 - 95

Ralkap cozah he biaruahnak a rawh tikah KIO cu tlangcung hriamtlai tampi an i funnak NDF lei kar ahlang i, tangṭi ding timhtuahnak an rak ngei. Thailand ramri ah an i ton hnu ah 1985 November ah Pajau timi Kachin ram ah NDF kuzale pawl cu KIO le CPB he ṭan ṭi ding bia an rak i tiam. Sihmansehlaw, cu biatiam cu communist a dotu KNU nih an rak cohlan lo ca ah Burma ram tlangcung hriamtlai karlak ah ideology lei i dannak tete arak um ti hmuh khawh a si. Kap khat lei in KIO cu international khual an tlawng I hmailei karhlan ding an rak i zuam. Cu ti an i zuam lio ahcun Myanmar ram ah 8888 buainak a chuak ca ah an au pi mi cu Myanmar ram buainak nih a rak nenh i, a tlau lan. Cu leng ah Burma ram chung ah 8888 buainak ruang ah cozah i thlennak zong arak um i SLORC an hung chuak. Ramchung ah mipi duh lonak langhter lio ahhin hriamtlai tampi cu dai te in an rak um. Nain, SLORC nih uknak a lak hnu 1989 December 13 ahcun, CPB le KIA nih ralkap cu fakpi in chaklei Shan ram ah an rak kah hna. Ralkap zaaleng an thi i, minung 15 an tlaih hna. Sihmansehlaw, hi raldohnak cu CPB ca ah hnubik a rak ai.

1990 a hung phak tikah China nih Myanmar ram hruaitu he  rian ṭuan ṭi timh in hnatlaknak tampi arak tuah. Cucaah, a duhmi ṭuan khawhnak dingah CPB hruaitu pawl cu pensen la in China ram umding a forh hna. Thla fatin pensen lahkhawh le umnak hmun kan in pek hna lai an rak ti hna. Cu leng ah, China ram chung Communist Party member nan si kho lai an ti hna. Hi bantuk ruang ah CPB chung ah hruaitu cheukhat cu China ram ah an hung lut. Sihmansehlaw, acheukhat CPB hruaitu nih cun China cozah tu kha an mawh chiat hna. Hi bantuk in CPB cu China nih a hninh khawh ngai ca ah March 12, 1989 ah Kokang in Peng  hruaimi ralkap nih CPB cu an chuah tak i, Mong Ko ah headquater an i ser. Cun, CPB chung ṭhiamṭhiam in April 13 ah Zhao Yilia le Bao Youxiang  timi Wa hruaitu hna nih Panghsang i CPB headquaters cu ralkap 700 he an lak ca ah  kum 41tluk a chan a saumi CPB cu a rawk.

 Hi bantuk ruang ah NDF nih CPB in aa cheumi ralkap phu pawl le 8888 in a chuak thar hriamtlai pawl biaruah cu biatak te in a hung i zuam ve. Sihmansehlaw, NDF nakin Myanmar ralkap Khin Nyunt cu CPB in aa cheumi Wa, Kokang te pawl nih an rak i thim deuh i, anmah he remh daihnak an rak tuah, Wa ram sersiampiaknak ah Khin Nyunt te nih 70-million-kyat hrawng an hman ti a si. Hi bantuk in CPB in aa cheumi ralkap phu hna nih ralkap cozah he agreement an tuahnak thawng in hriamtlai 18 zong an thazaang a hung der deuh ngaingai leng ah KIO tiang kha SLORC he remh daihnak tuahding pressure an ngah ve. Cucaah, KIO cu September 27, 1993 ah ralkap cozah he treaty an tuah hnu ah officially in February 24, 1994 ah min an thu rih. Adang hriamtlai tampi zong oral understanding peace agreement an tuah ve.  Sihmansehlaw, hitan KIO le ralkap cozah karlak min thut hi bilateral agreement ti a si i, hnatlaknak an ngeihmi cu KIO nih Liaison zung on khawhnak le 2008 Constitution tialnak ah KIO i tel ve ding hi a si. Wa remh daihnak ruang ah ahung ṭhang i, ahlan CPB nakin a ngan deuhmi hriamtlai phu ah an hung i chuah. Sii zuar in chaw an let. China nih a hnu lei in a dirpi hna. Cucaah, 1993 hnu in cun KNU le adang hriamtlai phu hna lawng nih ralkap cozah cu fakpi hung doh a hung si.

6. 2015: Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement

Thein Sein a kal tlawmpal ah KIO cu ralkap nih an kah hna. Zei ruang ah a si fiang in hngalh a si lo nain border guard force ah KIO um an duh lo ruang ah a si lai tiah an zumh.

Thein Sein cozah nih MPC an ser i, ramdang bawmhnak $ 100 million he remh daihnak tuah an raki tim, "Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA)" an ti. Hriamtlai phu 8 le Thein Sein cozah kar ah October 15 ah min thutnak a rak um. 2016 Suh Kyi cozah chan  2018 February 18 ah hriamtlai phu 2 nih min an thut ve. Min a thumi hna cu PPST tiah a foinak kawh a si. Adang min a thu lomi hna Federal Political Negotiating and Consultative Committee (FPNCC) ti an si; Wa nih Chairman a tlaih i, KIO nih vice chairman a tlai. FPNCC nih EAOs power lak i 80% an si.

NCA cu dotthum in hmuh khawh a si; Kahdaihnak Minthut, Hmailei kong khuakhan tti, Phungthar ser ti a si. PPST nih NCA in Federal Democracy ram kan ser lai ti an zumh nain, FPNCC nih cun an zum lo.

2021: The Military Coup and Peace

2022 May thla Min Aung Hlaing nih remh daihnak tuahding ah hriamtlai pawl a sawm hna. NUG/CRPH/PDFs pawl a telh hna lo ruang ah le biaruah awk ah an ruah lo ca ah EAOs tampi nih kai lo ding an al.