The Hidden History of Burma: Race, Capitalism and the Crisis of Democracy in the 21st Century

Caṭialtu nih Myanmar ram miphun kong, democracy panhnak kong, Myanmar ram tuanbia kong, Rohingya kong fiang te in a ṭial. Rel cio ding a si. A foi tein zoh ṭhan ding ah tiah Lai holh in ka blog ah kaa chiah. Hi cauk cu 2020 chung ka relmi cauk lak ah a ṭha bik a si. Caṭialtu cu UN GS hlun U Thant tupa Dr. Thant Myint- U a si. Dr. Thant Myint- U cu vawleicung sianginn ṭha bik Johns Hopkins University, Harvard University, International School Bangkok, Riverdale Country School le University of Cambridge ti bantuk ah ca a rak cawngmi a si. Myanmar timi min si lo in Burma timi min a hman. Yangon si lo in Rangon zong a hman. Cucu ralkap nih thlenmi min a cohlang lo ti a lang. Rohingya zong ahman ca ah Bangalese ti a hman lo ca ah khuaruah har ngai a si_ NLD cozah le Kawl pawl hmanning he aa dang. Amah le an nu Sofia cu UN tang ah rian saupi an ṭuan. Hi cauk cu primary research method in research a tuahmi le 2007 le 2019 kar Rangon a um lio i a hmuhton fonh in a ṭialmi a si. Amah Thant Myint-U cu The Making of Modern Burma, The River of Lost Footsteps le Where China Meets India ti bantuk cauk ṭhaṭha a ṭialmi a si. Atu a cauk "The Hidden History of Burma" cu laksawng tampi a hmu i, mi tampi nih an uarmi cauk pakhat a si ve.

 

Chapter 1 - Chapter 3.

    Burma tuanbia cu 1783 in a thawk. Nupi 53 a rak ngei i, fa 120 a rak ngeimi Amaraporah khuapi arak sertu siangpahrang Bodawpaya in a thawk. Bodawpaya nih Arakan siangpahrang an tei i, Arakan ram cu Burma siangpahrang tang ah an rak um. Arakan an lak dih cu 1785 ah arak si. Cukaa Arakan ram cu Burma ram i “Western Gate”ah aa chuah. 1824. Feb 24 ah Lord Amherest timi Governor- General of India nih Burma siangpahrang cu ral a thawh. Ral an rak i tu i, Mirang ralkap 50,000 leng le Burma ralkpa 50,000 lengkai an rak thi. Hi tan ah Mirang nih an lakmi ram hna cu Assam, Jointa, Cachar, Manipur le Arakan, Tanasserim an si. 1826 ah daihnak min an thut. Avoihnihnak Mirang le Burma i tuknak cu 1852-1853 ah a rak chuak. Hi tan ah Mirang nih Burma khuapi Rangon tiang an lak ca ah Burma siangpahrang nih Mandalay ah khuapi cu a thial. Mindung-Min siangpahrang nih France, Italy le Germany tbk ah ram hna ah siangngakchia tampi ca cawnding arak thlah hna. Hi tan ah sehzung ser thawk an rak si. Tikhu in monghmi sangphalawng zong an rak ser khawh. Mirang nih a voi thumnak ral cu an thawk ṭhan. Hi tan UK i thimnak ah Conservative Party pawl nih Burma cu thimfung lemnak an rak hman. Kan tei cun Burma cu a miak ca ah kan hman lai an ti. Mirang nih Burma a tei dih tikah India ram he fonh in ram pakhat ah an rak uk. Mirang nih Burma cu phunthum in an ṭhen: Irrawaddy le Arakan, Upland Valleys le a pawngkam tlangram (Non-Burmese) le Tlangcung ram hna (Non-Burmese) tin a si. Mirang ukmi India ram hna lak ah Burma ram cu thil chuak ṭha bik a si ca ah “chanthar America” tiah an rak hlawi. 1920 hrawng cun Europeon 20,000 leng hi Rangon ah khua an sa ti, a si. Mirang nih “Rohingya” timi bia hi an rak hmang bal lo. 1922 a phak tik ah Burma cu British India ram cheukhat bantuk in “Parliament” phung hmang in an uk. 1937 ah Burma cu British India in an ṭhen.

Ne Win hi Marxist ruahnak a rak uar. Amah policy cu USSR hruaitu Stalin policy he khan an rak i lo ngaingai. 1988 i Uprising a chuah tikah Thant Myint-U cu Burma tlun a rak i zuam nain Bangkok ah sau ngai a taap i, lamdang in Burma ram chung ah a rak lut. All Burma Student’s Democratic Fronts sinah a rak phan i, ramdang ummi Burmese sin in phaisa arak kolhpiak hna. Amah cu cu phu sernak meeting ah a rak kai ve. ABSDF cu chikhat te ah a za in a thong ah an rak karh. Burma ram ah Socialist a rawk i, State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) a rak chuak.  Socialist vision a rak ngeimi Aung San fanu Suh Kyi hi 1980 hrawng in Burmese nationalism kong ca, paper a rak ṭial lengmangmi a rak si. Burma mipi thinlung a lak cu a va Michael a thih lio ah tlun lo in Burma ram ah democracy a aupi hna ruang ah a si. Cu hlan i an rak zumh pah lonak cu a va a thi nain a kir lonak nih a thah dih. Suh Kyi he a rak i ralkahmi Than Shwe ca cawnnak zong atanglei bantuk in a ṭial.

Than Shwe cu Mirang pennak a donghnak lei ah a rak chuak i, 1953 ah ralkap tlak aa thawk. 1958 ah USSR ah “Psychological Warfare Unit” a rak cawng. 1962 ah Burmese Way to Socialism cawnpiaknak “Central Political College”ah ca a rak chim. 1980 ah Battalian Commander rank a phan. China ramri i Communist ral kilven kha a rak ṭuan bikmi arak si. 1988 ah General, Vice Minister of Defense a rak ṭuan leng ah CEC chungtel zong a rak si chih. 1992 a phak tikah SLORC chairman a si. Amah nih Burma ram cu 1992 in 2011 tiang a hruai. Than Shwe nih industrialization based in export le import kha sipuazi tuahnak ah a rak duh ngaingai.

1989 ah Lo Hsing Han hruaimi cu “Special region” an rak serpiak. 1989 thawk in China he an i pehtlaihnak a hung ṭha. Hi lio hrawng i Suh Kyi nih a rak phanmi cu Burma ram hi “uneducated people” umnak ah aa chuah sual lai timi hi arak si. Suh Kyi i a strategy cu mi tampi he demonstrate tuah, dialogue ca au. Ralkap lung thlen timh hi a rak si. Sihmansehlaw, cucu 2003 tiang ah ralkap nih zei hmanh ah an rak rel lo. 2007 ah Sui Wa Yaung azikhian  arak chuak. Cucu thil man kai ruang in aa thawk. Phungki pathum cu palki nih sandahpiak ruang ah an tuk an velh hna ca ah phugnki 400,000 leng nih do-aunak ah an lut ve. Buddhist Upa le Buddhist a biami, nih cozah nih ngaihthiam kan hal seh an rak ti nain, ngaih thiam cu rak hal a si lo ca ah do aunak ah milu an rak karh chinchin.

__

Chapter 4 – 9

Ralkap bawi pakhat nih, “Suh Kyi le nitlak lei ram pawl ruang ah hngilh kho lo in kan rak um bal lo nain Wa hriamtlai le Tuluk he zeitin chawnhpiaknak kan ngeih lai ti cu kan lu a ri ngaingai,” tiah a rak ka chimh. Ralkap cozah nih China le Wa kong ah thinphang ngai in an um ti kha a langhter duhmi cu a si. ABSDF ah Chungkhar sin tlunnak kong le hmailei pumpak kong chimphuan khawh a si lo. Than Shwe nih Suh Kyi cu Burma politics ah ping-nga ka piah (outmaneuvered) tiah a ruah. 2008 Phunghram nih Suh Kyi a ngerh ngawi i, aa phawih khawh lomi kha a chim duhmi a si.

Thein Sein mi zumh Aung Min timi Myanmar Peace Center lutlai kong cu tihin a chim; Aung Min cu adang ka tonmi general bantuk arak si lo. Kan i ton tik ah agenda a rak ka hal. Cucu adang general he kan i ton caan ah a um bal lomi a si. Agenda ka rak pekmi cu “political prisoners pawl thonginn in chuahding”a rak si. Suh Kyi le Thein Sein a hmasabik ton lio kong cu Suh Kyi nih “happy and satisfied” tiah a hlawi. Aa lungsi pah ve ko rua. Aung Min le Soe Thane le Suh Kyi an i ton lio an i ruahmi cu “rian ṭuan ṭi ding”a rak si. Thein Sein kong cu tihin a ṭial fawn.

Thein Sein cu ralkap chan ah rank sangbik 4 nak arak si. President si arak duh lo. An nu zong nih dinh arak duh ko nain a rak ka chimhmi cu ralkap ka si i, rian pekmi cu ka ṭuan ahau. Democracy experience bal ka ngei lo, a ti.

Thein Sein nih Rohingya kong a chimmi zong fiang te in a ṭial. “Mirang chan lio ah Bangalese pawl cu Arakan ram ah rian ṭuanding an rak ra. Acheukhat cu Burma phung tang ah phungning te in an rak um. Acheukhat tu cu phung lo an si. Phung lo in a ra i Rohingya min a hmangmi pawl cu ṭuanvo kan la kho lo. UN nih ramthumnak an phak khawh nakhnga la hna u” tiah Thein Sein nih a rak chimhmi kha alanghter.

Chinmi kan pa Lian Hmung Sakhong kong cu tihin a ṭial;

“Lian Hmung cu Suh Kyi nih noble peace prize a ngah tik ah India khuapi Delhi i a ummi UN High Commissioner zung ah asylum sok ah a kal. Suh Kyi he an i thlakmi hmanthlak a hmuhsak hna i, an cohlang colh. Cu ti cun Sweden cu foi te in a phan, a ti. Min Aung Hlaing i a sianginn kainak le Min Aung Hlaing nih 2008 Constitution kilvengtu le “standard armed force” serding chunmang a ngei, tiah a ti. NLD palai kong he pehtlai in, NLD official doctor pawl nih NLD palai pawl nih trauma an ngei tiah a rak ka chimh. Parliament kan luh bak in an kan tlaih dih lai ti bantuk an ruat. Cu ruang ah cozah ṭuanding le policy le strategies kha fiang ngaingai in an ngeih lonak a si, a ti. Cun, cozah palai kum kong ah, NLD cozah (cabinet) 21 cu Burma ram cabinet lak ah kum upa bik an si, a ti. Average in Suh Kyi kum 71nakin an upa deuh, a ti.  Remdaihnak a um lawng ah phunghram kan remh lai tiah Min Aung Hlaing nih a chim hnu ah NLD nih remh daihnak lei ah thazaang an chuah deuh ngaingai, a ti. Peace Process ah Suh Kyi nih Western pawl thazaang le bawmhnak hmang in an rak kan hruai lai tiah an rak ruah cio nain atak ahcun ruahning he arak i dang. NLD cozah cung ah foreign local business tuahmi pawl le local business tuahmi pawl nih an lung a tling lo. Pro-democracy nih cun pro-market system  in a rak kan kalpi lai tiah an rak i ruahchan nain a tak ah an i ruahning bantuk arak si lo ca ah a si, a ti.

Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) timi cu Ataullah Abu Ammiar Jununi nih arak dirhmi a si. Amah hi Pakistan ah a pemmi Rohingya pa i a fapa a si i, Saudi Arabia ah a ṭhang. Pakistan le Afghanistan te hna ah ralkap training le fimnak a rak cawngmi a rak si. ARSA nih cun ethnic armed organization bantuk in siding kha an i ruah chan. Rohingya buainak cu ahram thawk ah Rohingya mi le Rohingya mi a si lomi karlak buainak in aa thawk i, ARSA nih palik sakhan ti bantuk an do ruang ah ralkap nih fak pin an doh ve hnanak kong, Ralkap nih helicopter hmang in an lehrulh tik hna ah International lei in ralkap le cozah an mawh chiat kong, Muslim ralhrang Al Qaeda ti bantuk le adangdang nih Bangladesh mino pawl Rohingya bawmhding an chimhnak, ARSA nih whatapp, ti bantuk an cawlcanghnak an chim relnak. Ahnu ah Buddhist le Muslim kar buainak ti bantuk in a hung i mer tikah Buddhist biaknak a bia mi hna nih Facebook hmang in phun ṭanh kong chim a sinak te pawl kha a ṭial. Hi buainak kong ah insider views le outsider views aa danning te pawl zong a langhter. Abik in caan saupi a daih hnu ah bia a chimmi Suh Kyi nih “Ramdang pawl a mawhchiatnak” le ramdang pawl nih Suh Kyi an mawhchiat lawng si loin laksawng an pekmi tiang an lakpiakmi kong a chim chih. Rohingya kong buainak ah Rohingya 700,000 leng Bangladesh ram ah an zaamnak te hna kha a langhter fawn. Cu leng ah France hramh bunh Organization pakhat nih Rohingya 6,700 leng thah an si tiah Bangladesh phanmi Rohingya interview tuahmi cherhchan in an thanh. Arakan ram ah Arakanese pawl sinah phun ṭanh ahung karh i, Thut Myat Naing hruaimi AA thazaang a hung karh. AA le ralkap cu an i dirh onh i, an i kahnak te pawl kha fiang te in ṭial.

 

Rohingya kong ah Burma a innpa India le China cu an dirhmun aa khat. Burma lei ah an ṭang ve, a ti.

#ArakanDream2020 a rak chuahnak cu tihin a chim. January 16, 2018 ah palik nih Arakanese Buddhist pawl  Mrauk-U khua ah sandah a piahmi pawl cu an kah hna. Hi ruang ah AA le Kawl karlak buainak cu a karh chin. Cu ruang ah hashtag cu social media ah a chuak. Thut Myat Naing nih Arakan ram cu “self-determination ngahding chunmang”a manh pi hna.  Cu ruang ah Arakan ram i buainak cu Minung Vs Minung, Musilim Vs Buddhist, Burmese State Vs Rohingya, Arakan Vs Ralkap tin aa chuah, a ti. 

___
June, 2020
Hakha, Chin State