China he an i
pehtlaihnak kong ah Mongols nih a ukmi Yuan dynasty
(Tuluk) nih 1287 ah Bagan uknak cu a rak hrawh i, 1644 hrawng ahhin Tuluk nih
Burma hi influence a rak tuahnak tete a rak um. Cu lak ah “mandala system”
timi hi arak um i, cucu Beijing cozah sinah chiah pek kha a rak si. Cucu Mirang
chan lio i, Mirang sin ah chiah an pekning bantuk he khan an rak i lo. Malaria
zawtnak ruang ah Ming ralkap pawl cu Burma ram in an chuak dih tiah an
chim_ Malaria nih hin Tuluk hi a tlunh khun hna tiah an rak chim. Cun,
Thailand ram khuapi Ayuhdayah cu 1767 in an lak. 19 century hrawng ah Dhaka le
Calcutta tiang Burmese King nih hna a hnawh lai kha Mirang nih an rak phang.
Zei ca ti cun Manipur Kingdom le Assam te pawl a rak lak cang hna ca ah a si. Mirang
nih Burma cu nitlak lei in Arakan lei kap ah le nichuah lei in Tenanserim lei
in an rak tuk hna__ Lam hnih in an tuk hna timi sullam a si.
Zei ruang ah Mirang le Burma an rak i do timi kong cu phun hnih in a langhter. Dhaka le Calcutta i East India Company nih Burma King nih Arakan ram a laknak (1785) tbk a zoh tikah Burma i ramri kauhter ning kha caan khatkhat ah kan ca ah ṭih a nung kho tiah a ruat. Pahnihnak cu Buddhist biaknak phung zei a rel lomi Mirang pawl ruang ah Burma ram chung ah lung i tling lonak tete a um. Tc, Mirang pawl cu pagoda ah an keden an i phoih duh lo ca ah King sin siloah Siangpahrang inn ah an kong ceih le phai an si lengmang__Culture ruang ah kan ti lai. Ral an i tuk ahhin ral kut in a thimi nakin zawtnak in a thimi an rak tam deuh tiah anmah Mirang nih an chim. Manipur, Assam, Arakan le Tennesari ram pawl an lak khawh tikah Mirang nih Burma vawlei ningcang an hngalh chin. Tuluk he trade tuahding tiah an ruat chih. Khatte lei ah, France ram i South East Asia i a ṭhawnnak zor ter kha an rak duh pah fawn. Cu ti cun, Mirang le Burma cu ral voi thum an thawh hnu ah Mirang nh an rak tei dih hna.
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| Mirang nih Burma ukning |
British India tang ah Burma ram cu an chiah. Mirang nih Burma cu “divide-and-rule” policy in an rak uk ruang ah nihin tiang ah Myanmar rammi cheukhat nih cun “nihin i ethnic -conflicts” cu Mirang ruang ah a si, an ti. Mirang nih ralkap an ser tikah Burmese pawl cu an zumh hna lo ca ah adang miphun hna hmang in ralkap an ser. Cu ruang ah hi lio Mirang ralkap chung ah Kawl hi 12.3% lawng an rak si lio ah Karen (27.8%), Chin (22.6%), Kachin (22.9%) tin an rak si. Rian ṭuannak zoh tikah India mirang holh kha Mirang pawl nih an rak theih deuh ruang ah Burma ram chung rian ṭuan ding tete zong kha Indian deuh an rak auh hna. Cu ruang ah mirang chan lio Rangon cu India mi tam ngai an rak umnak ah a rak i cang. India influence nak a rak um nain cu influence nak cu a chiatnak lawng si lo in a ṭhatnak te hna zong a rak um. Tc, India i nationalist a simi Mohatma Gandhi le India Congress Party nawl te pawl kha Burma ram ah rak i zoh chunhnak a rak um. Tc, Siangngakchia doh aunak (1920,1936), Saya San tapung thawhnak. Hi bantuk nih Burma Act (phunghram) a hrin lawng si lo in Burma ram zong kha India ram chung in an chuak i, 1937 ah amah ram te in a rak um kho. Mirang chan i cozah a umning cu uknak i a tanglei bik (a niambik cu) Khua te ah minung pakhat kha khua bawi ah thim i uk kha a si. Laitlang ahcun bawi phun kha an uk ter hna nain Mirang kut tang ah an um ṭhiam. A cawlcanghning an duh lo ahcun an phuah Cucu phung cu Independence ngah hnu tiang ah Burma ram ah hman a si. Laitlang ahcun ram uk bawi ukning kha an hrawh ca ah khua bawi cu a thim in an i thim ve.
Mirang nih zei
bantuk sipuaizi program dah an rak hman?
Burma ram cu ‘order’ pek in an uk. Ram pakhatkhat or, khua pakhatkhat kha pehtlaihnak a foi nakhnga tlanglawng lam, motor lam tbk an cawh. Lam le sul lawng si lo in “Burma Forest Service” kha an remh ser. Oil an cawh. 1930 kum khat ah 250 - 280 million gallons an rak chuah. Cu lawng si lo in jade le ruby ti bantuk zong kha an rak lak hna. Irrawaddy ram hrawng ah facang an rak cin i, World War II hlan deuh hrawng ah Burma ram cu ramleng facang a rak kua kho bik ram pakhat a rak si. WW II lai hrawng kumkhat ah ramleng facang kuatmi hi 3.123 million tons arak si, an ti.
Buddhist
Biaknak le Burma mi kong ah,
“To be Burman is to be Buddhist” timi bia a rak um i, cu nih a langhtermi cu
Burma society ah Buddhist hi zei bantuk level a si timi sullam a si. Buddhist
zumhning, Buddhist cawnpiakning ti bantuk nih an society cu tam tuk lai
a rel timi sullam a si. Biana ah, “phunggyi” timi ah “phung”ti cu
“glory” tinak a si i, “gyi”ti cu “great” tinak a si.
Cucaah, “phung gyi” ti cu “great glory” tinak a si. Burma King
kip nih pagoda an sakning le an advisor lak ah phunggyi an tam ning zoh
tikah Burma society ah Buddhist an sunglawihning tampi in a lang. Phunggyi
nih zingchiar inn kip ah a hlukan an tuah i, Buddhist a bia mi he naih niam
te in nifatin an i pehtlai. Cu bantuk dirhmun cu Mirang nih a hrawh. Modern
Secular Education a ser. Mirang sianginn a karh. Khrihfa an karh. Mission
School an karh. Hi bantuk ruang ah Buddhist biaknak a thazaang a rak der
tuk lo ti cu 1930 cawlcanghning ah a lang. Mifim thiam cheukhat nih Communist
Movement an thawk, an idea cu socialism hram bunh a si. Cucu 1962 in
1988 zong ah hmuh ṭhan khawh a si. YMCA bantuk in YMBA cu 1906 ah an rak dirh.
General Council of Buddhist (Burmese) Association zong 1920 ah an rak dirh
fawn. Hi phu hna hi biaknak phu tiah ti an si nain ramkhel, nationalism zong an
ṭuan chih. Cu leng ah, Mirang nih secular state phun in a kalmi cozah
kong ah Burmese nationalism pawl cu an lung a rak tling lo i, Mirang kha an rak
doh. E.g, Saya San hruainak in Mirang dohnak. Saya San cu SLORC (ralkap chan )
ah national hero tiah an ti, phaisa fang (fang 90) ah an rak cuanter.
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Reference
David I. Steinberg. 2013. “Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know”. Second Edition.Chawn Kio. 2014. “Lai Miphun Thawh kehnak Tuanbia” .p 296- 302
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