Mirang cu chawlet chawhrawl tuah duh ah India ram an rak phan. Tuanbia ning in chim ahcun Mirang chawlet chawhrawl tuahtu (traders) pawl India an phak cu 1600 hlan hrawng ah si dawh a si. Zei ca ti ahcun, Mughal Emperor nih Mirang pawl "English East India Company" dirhnak permit a pek kha 1613 ah a rak si. English East India Company cu duhsah te in a hung thawng duahmah. Ahnu ahcun ramkhel lei kap ah aa let i India ram lawng si lo in India kam i Pakistan, Bangladesh,tbk,.. tiang a lak hna. Sihmansehlaw, Mirang cozah nih India a rak uk dan hi "Indirect" in arak si. 1857 a phak tik ah Indian ralkap cheukhat nih Mirang ralbawi le ralkap pawl kha an rak doh lengmang hna ca ah Mirang nih an leh hrulh hna. Cu thawng in Mirang cozah nih India cu direct in an rak uk hna. Hikaa ah i ruah awk a ummi cu "Indirect control" maw a tha hnem deuh "Direct control" ti kha a si. An pahnih in zei te nih dah ramkhel a thangcho ter deuh, sipuazi tah? ti bantuk theih duhnak lungthin a ngeih ter. Hi bantuk kan theih fian lawng ah India ram i colony dirhmun cu kan theih fiang lai.
Colony le Ngun Khuai Pekdan: Mirang an phak hlan ah India ram ah chiah i pek a rak um cang. Cucu an bawi an pek kha a si. Mirang an kai hnu ah mirang nih ngunkhuai kholh ning phunthum in India mipi cu an kholh hna. Cucu
1. Ram bawi dirhmun ning in
2. Pumpak cinthlak tuahning in
3. Khua te dirhmun in , tin an rak si.
Kum zabuu 19 a phak tik ah thancho ning le thilri man a kai ruang ah phaisa man a thlak ning phundang tuk in arak chuak. Cucaah, India ah bawiphun (landlord) pawl cu an rum ning a karh. Sihmansehlaw, pumpak in lo a thlomi (hmun ngei lo) pawl cu harnak an tong chinchin. Lo le hmun hlan man British nih aman a kaih ca ah a rak si. Hi ruang ah khua te lei thil sining tampi thlennak a rak um leng ah lothlo hna i an nunning zong tampi in arak i let. Hi bantuk in harnak phunphun an ton ruang ah lothlo pawl nih ramkhel phungphai a biapit zia kha an hngalh ca ah ramkhel phung an tanh i, lo hmun ngei pawl he an rak i ral kah.
Bawiphun umnak le Bawiphun umlonak: A cung i thil a cangmi ruang ah Landlord umnak cu a hlan an sining nakin an rak tla deuh ngaingai. A ruang cu hmun ngei lo nih an ralchan cang hna ca ah a rak si. Sihmansehlaw, an dirhmun veve tahchunh i zoh tikah landlord umnak khua le ram cu landlord um lonak hmun nakin a let in arak thang deuh rih lawng si lo in mi hrim an rak tam deuh.
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| Mirang India (then hnu) |
India cu 15 August 1947 ah Mirang sin in zalennak a hmu. Hi tik ah Mirang chan i a rak i dangmi landlord area le landlord um lonak hmun tahchun in zoh than tikah tampi arak i dang cang. Hlan i arak har ngaimi non landlord district pawl kha a let in khua an sa kho deuh hna. Cucu 1965 hrawng ah arak cangmi thil a si. Hi lio ah landlord state ummi nih thlakhat 13 rupees an rak hmu nain non landlord states nih cun thlakhat 19 rupees an rak hmu ti a si. Vawleicung fimnak a than nih a phak tik hna ahcun Landlord state ahcun thlakhat ah rupees 29 hrawng an hmuh lio ah Non Landlord state ahcun 49 rupees an rak hmu cang. Hi ti i thil aa dan ning hi zei ruang ah a si hnga? British nih an rak chiah takmi ramkhel tungtlang ruang ah a si lai tiah ruah khawh a si. Cucu zei a si hnga?
A phi cu Landlord pawl nih an vawlei kong ah an buai i phung an ser cuahmah lio ah non landlord states ahcun vawlei kong ah buai lo in thanchonak lawng an rak tuak ca ah a si tiah, ti a si.
Source: History, Institutions, and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure System in India By Abhijit Banerjee and Lakshmi Iyer*
Lai tlang ahcun,
Laimi bawiphun tampi le cu an fale ca cawn an rak sianh hna lo ca ah khua le ram ah a ummi san tlai lo rak timi nih ca an rak cawng hna. Rak sersat in rak namnehmi nih ca an rak cawnmi a phi an zuan tik ah bawi phun fa hna cu ahnu ah an tang. Cucu Mirang an tlun hnu Lai tlang dirhmun zoh tikah thil dik a si. Cu nih cun "Bawi le Sal" a um lomi dirhmun a ser. Cu ruang ah Chin National Day te pawl a rak chuak.
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Cameroon ram Colonies Dirhmun: France le Mirang ah Hodah Colonies Tha deuh A si.
Hi ca nih Cameroon ram ah a rak ummi British le French colonies hna pahnih chung ah zei colony dah a ṭha deuh ti kha tahchunh in langhter a timh. Hi tahchunhnak ah, Mirang nih an chiah takmi phung, ramkhel tungtlang, sipuazi dirmun le zatlang nun nih Cameroon a hmai lei zei tluk in a ṭhan ter le a ṭhat hnem ti bantuk kha an zoh bantuk in French nih a roh takmi phung, ramkhel tungtlang, sipuazi dirhmun le zatlang nun zong zoh a si ve. Cu bantuk zoh khawh nakhnga ca ah an rak uk lio hna i an ukning kha fiang te in langhter a si.
German nih an rak lakmi cu Mirang nih France nih an i ṭhen. Nitlak lei Cameroon cu Mirang nih a uk, nichuah lei Cameroon cu France nih a uk ve. Cameroon ram a um dan hi coastal lowland, tropical highland, tropical plateau, and arid savanna tin an si. Khrihfa, Islam le Animism ti bantuk biaknak an bia. Ethnics an um ve leng ah holh phun zong aa dang liangluang ve. Mirang nih Cameroon a uk dan cu "indirect rule" in a si. Native Chief kha a uk ter hna. French nih cun "quasi-direct" in a uk. Mirang nih a pennak nitlak lei Cameroon ahcun "Common law system"an hmang. France bal nih "civil law" kha papek in a ṭanh. Civil law nih privatate property kha common law nakin tha a pek lo deuh. Civil law nih cun zaran nih herhmi kha thazaang a pek deuh.
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| Cameroon ram i Mirang le France pennak |
Labor Policy: Sipuazi ṭhan hngalh duhnak ca ahcun labor policy theih arak herh. German nih an rak pen hna lio ah, labor tax an hmuhmi cu lam, tlanglawng lam le thinkung cinnak ca ah an rak hman. Mirang nih cun rian ṭuantu kha lahkhah pek awk ah a kawh hna. Tuan man an pekmi chung in tax an lak hna timi sullam a si. French nih cun ngunkhuai an hmuhmi in tlanglawng lam le inn tha an sak ve. Nain, riantuan tu pawl lahkhah rak pek lo le rak thlerhnak a rak um. Cucu nihin tiang Cameroon tampi nih an philh kho lo.
Ca Cawnnak le Biaknak: Mirang nih phaisa i khon kha aa zuam. Missionaries tampi a luh ter hna. Missionaries tampi nih sianginn an sak i, zatlang nun ṭhan ter an timh. Hi lio West Cameroon siangngakchia 90% cu Missionary sianginn an rak kai ti arak si. Nitlak lei Cameroon timi Frech pennak bal ahcun cheuthum chung ah cheu hnih lawng nih missionary sianginn ah sianginn an rak kai ti a si. Hi lio i missionary a tuahmi cu Protestants le Catholics deuh an rak si.
Zalennak hmuh hnu: France nih 1960 ah Cameroon cu zalenak a pek ve ca ah Cameroon ram pahnih cu an rak i fon kho than i, federal ram an ser. Sihmansehlaw, Nithlak lei le Nichuah lei kar ah i thleidan a rak um ti ruang ah 1972 hrawng ahcun an rak buai ngaingai.
A tlangpi in hi ram pahnih tahchun a sinak cu zei colony dah an ṭha deuh ti a si. Mifim thiam tampi nih Mirang pennak hi a ṭha deuh tuk a timi zong an um. Aruang cu mirang nih cun ram chung i institute pawl le sipuai dirhmun hna kha tha te in a sersiam hmasa ca ah a si tiah an ruah. Chawlet chawhrawl tuahnak ah personal freedom zong a um ti a si. Zatlang nun zong a thancho ter ti a si fawn. Cu ruang ah Mirang hi France le adang colonies nakin a ṭha deuh ti, a si. Sihmansehlaw, a cheukhat nih cu France colony system duh a nung deuh an ti ve. A ruang cu France cu ram pakhat an um tik ah an ukmi rammi kha an ram ah ca cawn le khual tlawn khawhnak an pek hna, ti a si. Cu ruang ah mifim tampi an karh ti, a si ve.
Hi ca uk nih tahchun a timhmi a phi a chuahmi a um lo ti'n ka ruah. Zeidah a tha deuh ti kha langhter a timh nain a langhter kho lo. Sinain, tahchunhnak a tuahmi ruang ah carel tu lungthin ah zeidah a tha deuh ti cu mah le biakhiahnak hoih in ruah damh khawh a si thiam.
Source: Comparing British and French Colonial Legacies: A Discontinuity Analysis of Cameroon∗
Alexander Lee1 and Kenneth A. Schultz2
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