Buainak Cuanhning le Remhnak Serning

1. Buainak Cuanhnak Siloah Zohning

Conflict le Peace kong ah minthang pakhat a simi Johan Galtung nih cun buainak (conflict) hi ki thum (triangle) in cuanh khawh a si. I alnak (contradiction), lungputning (attitude) le umtu ziaza (behavior) in ṭhen i cuanh khawh a si, at i. Fiang deuh in kan langhter ahcun i alnak (contradiction) ahhin a buaimi phu hnih or minung pahnih nih saduhthah siloah lungduh idannak i, an i al kha a si. Lungputning (attitude) timi ahcun thil an hngalhning le hngalh loning kha chim duhmi a si. Hi attitude cu mi /phu siloah buainak chung ah a ummi hna i thin hunnak, huatnak le ṭihnak an ngeihning khi chim duhmi a si. Cun, umtu ziaza (behavior) timi cu buainak kong ah a buaimi hna siloah buainak nih a phakmi hna nih buainak kong ah zeitin an cawlcangh siloah an umning ti bantuk kha chim duhmi a si. An i terh maw, an i kap maw ti bantuk kha a lang tawn (Ramsbotham, p. 11, 2011).

Violence timi hi Lai dictionary tampi nih cun zaang en itinak tiah a leh. A sullam cu thazaang pakhatkhat hmang in thil pakhakhat tuah, tuahmi thah siloah hliam phun kha a si. Fian khawhnak ding ah chim ahcun ralkap uknak duh lonak kha sandah piah cu violence a si lo ti a si, Mirang holh in non-violence an ti. Cun, tlangcung hriamtlai hna nih, hriam hmang in ralkap an doh kha violence lam in dothlen ti a si. Cu a si ca ah Lai dictionary cheukhat nih violence cu zaang en itinak an timi le ka chim duhmi hi tlawmpal te aa dang deuh. Kei nih ka chim duhmi violence cu tuk le thahnak siloah rawhralnak a chuahtertu timi kha a si.

2. Buainak in Tukthahnak ah

Johan Galtung nih cun violence timi tukthahnak cu minung nih kan herhmi nunnak, zalennak le mah sinak/miphun kilvennak pawl tuk le thahnak in hnorsuan kha a si, a ti. A chim duhmi cu mipa pakhat i a nunnak, zalennak le a mah sinak/miphun sinak a kilvenmi kha adang pakhat nih fei le nam siloah tuk le thahnak in hna a hnawhmi kha a si. Anih nih cun, violence hi direct violence, structural violence le cultural violence tiah a ṭhen (Galtung, 1996, 72). A chim duhmi cu direct violence cu ngakchia va thah a si. Phundang in direct in mi va tuk thah kha a si. Structural violence a timi bal cu minung pakhatkhat nih hmuh an duhmi hoih in an sersiammi (structure) nih midang nunnak thahnak a chuahtermi phun kha a si. Fiang deuh in kan chim ahcun sal zuat phun zong kha a si. Phundang deuh in chim ahcun “A” miphun kha ram uktu “B” miphun nih ṭhang kho hna hlah seh tiah phung a sersiam i, bawmhnak le herhhai a pek lo ca ah “A” miphun chung in ngakchia hna nih nu le pa sifak le harsat ruang ah an thih ko kha a si. Galtung nih cun structural violence cu ramkhel lei i hruaining mechhanism ruang ah a chuakbik a ti.

Cun, cultural violence timi phun cu nunphung pakhat chung ah tukthahnak a um tikah zoh sawh ko siloah sual phawt lo kha a si. Fiang deuh in Laimi context in kan chim ahcun nupi velh awk, darkhuang cumh awk ti bantuk phung kha a si. Phundang deuh in chim ahcun mi pakhatkhat tuk le thah a tongmi kha kan phung a si ko tiah a pommi nunphung kha chim duhmi a si. Hi violence phun thum lak ahhin structural violence le cultural violence cu mit hmuh kut tongh in hmuh khawhmi a si lo nain, direct violence cu mit hmuh kut tongh in a langmi a si e, a ti. Buainak hi a linsatning (degree kaining) hi i alnak (contradiction), ruahmi le cohlanmi i dannak ruang nang phu kei phu tiah iṭhennak (polarization), tukthahnak (violence) le ral ituknak (war) ti in a cheukhat mifim thiam nih an langhter ve. Laimi context in kan chim ahcun ruahnak i dannak ruang ah bia i alnak a chuak i, bia i al lio i ruahnak i dannak a chuakmi hoih in nannih phu, kannih phu tinak a chuah ter. Cu phu idannak cu a zual deuh tikah tukthahnak kha a chuakter. Tukthahnak a zual deuh cun ral thawhnak kha a chuak.

3. Remdaihnak Ser Tikah Hngalh Aherhmi Tete Hna

Johan Cultung nih remhdaihnak cu negaive peace le positive peace tiah a um e, a ti. Negative peace a timi cu uktu pakhatkhat zoh khenhnak siloah kilkawinak tang ah a ummi remdaihnak phun khi a ti duhmi a si. Binabia ah, a langhtermi cu Rome ralbawi nih ramcar an ser i cucu remdaihnak ram an ti. Nihin i, Tibet ram cu negative peace a umnak ram a si. South Korea cu a dai ko nain conflict lo maw, ti ahcun a si lem lo. South Korea nih a tonmi cu N.Korea he conflict, Japan he conflict tbk a si. Sihmansehlaw, hi bantuk case ahcun i dohnak, le i thahnak a um lo ca ah “negative peace” ti a si. Cu he ralkah in positive peace timi cu strutural le cultural violence kha tei dih hnu ah rammi le rammi cozah nawl ngeihnak, dingtlu lairelnak um te kha a si. Positive peace kan timi cu U.S.A ram i, Martin Luther King nih arak aupi mi dingthlu lairelnak phun kha a si. Galtung nih cun minung hi negative peace in positive peace ah kan ithleng kho ti kha a zumh. Atanglei game theory pawl cu Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T. and Miall, H. (2011) te nih an chuahpi mi pawl a si.

a). Kain le Abel Tuanbia

A cung ah langhter a si ca bantuk in Gain i Abel cung ah lai nawnnak cu a biapi ah an ruahmi aa dan ca ah a si. Hi buainak kong ahhin Gain nih thimding lam phun li arak um. Cu hna cu lose -win timi pakhat nih tei i, adang pakhat sungh. Cucu Kain nih Abel i teiter i, Pathian duhnak zulh kha a si. Lose-Lose timi cu a phi chuak um lo in Kain le Abel nih buainak chuahter veve. Win- Win timi cu buainak a um sual lai tiah hrial i, unau chuak khat fawh kan si tiah Kain le Abel nih i dawt ṭhan. Win- lose timi cu pakhat nih pakhat thah kha a si. Kain nih Abel a thah. Nain, thiam cotermi cu Kain a si lo ca ah sunghnak cu Kain sinah a um beh. Kain le Abel tuanbia ahhin buainak um lo in unau kan si tiah dawtnak rak ngei hna sehlaw cu mah khakha “win-win” timi an pahnih ca ah a miakbik a si hnga.

b) Thongtlading Bianabia (Prisoner's Dilemma)

Thongtla ding a simi sualnak a tuahmi mining pahnih an um. An pahnih in sualnak an tuahmi cu an pahnih dah ti lo in ho hmanh nih an i hngalh lo. Cu ruang ah an pahnih karlak ah thil a cang khomi cu: (1) An i report veve ahcun an pahnih in thong an tla lai ca ah lose – lose an si lai. (2) Pakhat nih pakhat kha a report i, sualnak vialte a khinh ahcun pakhat a luat kho lai ca ah lose -win/win-lose. (3) An pahnih te in an kaa an icip ahcun an pahnih ten an luat kho, win -win. Hi bantuk thil sining an zoh tikah number 3 cu an ca ah a tha bik “win- win” a si kha an hngalh ahcun an i thim kho i, an pahnih ca ah a ṭhabik thimmi a si kho. Sihmansehlaw, Pakhat nih zer in number (2) kha aa thim ahcun adang pakhat nih number 2 rak i thim ve sehlaw, an pahnih ca ah lose-lose (1,1) zong a chuak kho men (Social trap). Cucaah, an pahnih ca ah a miakding thil cuanh thiam le zoh thiam kha a biapi tukmi a si. Phundang in a hlawkmi an hmuh khawh nakhnga ca ah bia an i ruah le an biakam an zulh ahau. An zulh veve lo siloah pakhat nih a zulh lo ahcun an ca ah a ṭhabik thil a simi win-win a chuak kho lai lo.

c). Position le Interest

Thinkung i cuhnak buainak a um hei ti usih. Ngun Bor le Iang Chin cu thinkung pakhat ngeih an i cuh. An pahnih te nih thinkung cu kan hmun in a khomi a si tiah “position” kong ah an chim veve. Nain, zoh tikah thinkung cu a cheucheu hmun pahnhnih ah a kho khomi a si lo ca ah bia chah khawh a si lo. Nain, Iang Chin nih thingkung nih a pekmi thladem shadow arak duh ruang ah thingkung cu keimah ngeihmi a si, arak timi a si i, Ngun Bor nih cun a thei/tlai a duh ca ah a rak ti ve mi a si tikah duhmi “interest” i khah lonak an ngei. Cu tikah biaceihtu siloah an pahnih kar remnakk sertu nih thinkung thladem cu Iang Chin nih co sehlaw, a thei cu Ngun Bor siseh a ti hna tikah an buainak cu a phisin khawh lai. Mah hi bianabia nih a kan chimhmi cu buainak a tampi hi fiangte in zei ruang ah a si ti hngalh le zeidah a buaimi nih an duhmi a si ti cuanh ṭi hnu ah duhmi idan ahcun foi te in tawlrel khawh a si timi kha a si.

d). Third Party Telpinak (Mediator)

Minung pathum nih cauk an chuah nain, pakhat pa cu thlem an zalh. Thlem an zalhmi pa nih cu kong cu a theih tikah a ngaih a chia i ka telh ve u, ka nihhlawh le ka thazaang aa tel ve, a ti hna. Nain cucu adang pahnih nih an duh lo. Cu tik ah, Anna timi nu nih thlemmi pa cu ruahnak a pek. Cu ruahnak cu cauk chuahnak ca ah hnahnawhnak (Cozah sin report) tuah lai tiah ti, a si. Mi hmasa pahnih nih cun common interest “cauk chuah” kha an duhmi a si ca ah pathumnak pa bia cu an ngai ṭhan i, cauk chung ahcun an telh ve. Hikaa zawn ahcun Anna hi third party a si i, thlemmi pa kha ruahnak ṭha te in a pe khotu a si ti a lang. Hi nih a kan cawnpiakmi cu third party cu thim tikah fimthiamnak le hngalhnak a ngei ngaingaimi a si aherh timi kha a si. Ram cheukhat ahcun ramkhel kong he aa pehtlai mi remdaihnak min an thut tikah vawleicung mifim hna kha third party can an i auh ve tawn.

Amah bal te in remdaihnak mediator si duh ahcun kap ṭanh lo kha aherh. Laimi context in kan zoh ahcun nuva aa ṭhenmi a peh tonhtu pastor siloah sang upa cu a peh tonhmi nuva hna karah ṭanhmi a ngeih lo aherh. Nu a ṭanh i pa na palh a ti siloah pa ṭanh i nu mawchiat ahcun a ṭha ngaingai remdaihnak a chuak lai lo. Cunak cun, remhdaihnak ser tikah pa na sual, nu na sual tin si lo in, Fate zong nan ngei, chungkhar zong nan ngei. Chungkhat zong nan ngei, hawikom zong nih an in tlaihchan hna. Nan i ṭhen ahcun a si kho lo tiah dawtnak lei kap in bia an hlawi hmasa tikah dawtnak nih buainak vialte a khuh dih i, remhdaihnak a chuak. Hihi mediator rian ṭuanning a si. Cu si lo in, pa nih a nupi a makmi kha nupi maa pa a u nih a va auh tikah a nawl te in nawl i, an sual palhnak vialte kan ngaithiam ulaw rak kir hram ko u ti zong kha a um ve ṭhiamṭhiam.

e). Zohfel Aherhmi Thil tete

A cung i langhtermi leng in zohfel ahaumi thil hna cu remhdaihnak tuah tikah remdaihnak ka duh e a timi nih an duh tak le tak lo kha fiang te in hngalh aherh. Hmunhma tampi ahcun remdaihnak kan duh tiah an ti nain atak ahcun remdaihnak si lo in pumpak/phu miaknak lawng kha an duh tawn. A ngai ahcun remdaihnak timi cu aa rem lomi buu or minung ca ah an zapi an i remnak ding “common ground” kawl kha a si ca ah buu or minung nih kapkhat duhnak lawng in cun remdaihnak a chuak kho lo ti kha fian ahau. Thongtla bianabia nih a kan cawnpiak bantuk in kapkhat duhnak lawng in kal ahcun kap hnih sunghnak a chuak kho.

Gultung nih a chimmi structural violence timi phung le phai in thleidannak le namnehnak bantuk hi fimtawl tikah law le policy aherh ve. Chim duhmi cu khuacaan ahcun remdaihnak kan ti tikah zei bantuk buainak level ah dah a ummi a si kha zoh hmasat aherh ve. Strucutral violence an si ahcun law le policy ser in fimtawl hrimhrim kha aherh ve. Ram ṭhangcho tampi ahcun remdaihnak an tuah tikah min an thut. Cu min thutmi cu a ngiatu an um. A ngiatu cu minung zong an si kho i, seh zong an si kho. IT thilri a ṭhangchomi ram ahcun IT thilri a simi CCTV ti bantuk kha ngiatu ah an chiah hna. Bianabia ah, zatlang nun ah tuk le thahnak a tlawm nakhnga ca ah cozah nih lam kil kip ah CCTV an chiah. Cu CCTV cu mi sual nih an ṭih ca ah buainak a tlawm. Buainak a tlawm timi sullam cu remdaihnak a karh timi a si. Ramchung ral kong min thut a si ahcun international phu pawl nih ngiat a si ve fawn.

Capar a dihlak te in rel a duhmi nih atanglei link ahhin rel khawh a si lai.
Link:https://www.academia.edu/130327117/Buainak_Fimtawlning_le_Remdaihnak_serning?fbclid=IwY2xjawLd-_xleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFIRGdydmlkUjIyNjloc2J5AR6bsu9-kNch2vrwusHjJtri-rFJAUa8AJImhPJk_dNlekt_aRGbfbnDrmhqGg_aem_4PjSgKcarclrgFpaz4Ip0A

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U.S. Cozah nih North Korea Kong Arak I Tuak Palhmi

 South Korea le North Korea raltuknak, mi tampi nih Korean ral timi cu 1953, July 27 a dih i, minung sing 30 hrawng an thi lai ti a si. Ral tuk cu a dai nain, nihin tiang phundang in ituk le idohnak cu hi ram pahnih karah a um rih ca ah an um dan hna cu “negative peace” tiah an ti hna. U.S. nih North Korea kong ah policy tampi a hman nain, North Korea hi nihin tiang ah a thazaang a tlawmter kho lo i, a daih zong a daih ter kho rih lo. Tutan Iran kong ah U.S cawlcangning zoh tikah North Korea kong he pehtlai in an rak i palhmi ruang ah North Korea nih nuclear lung tampi a ngeih khawh ca ah, Iran nih North Korea bantuk dir hmun a phakding an duh hrimhrim lo ca ah a si kho men ti ruah lo awk a tha lo. Cucaah, hi capar tawi ahcun U.S nih North Korea kong ah zei bantuk dah palhnak arak tuah timi kha langhter a si.

North Korea nih Nuclear Pa Zeizah Dah A Ngei Hnga?

Hecker timi U.S nuclear scientist pa hi North Korea nuclear sernak kong ahlatmi a si i, amah hi North Korea nuclear ser zong ah voi 7 tlukte arak phan. North Korea nuclear kong chim rel tikah amah bia hi an i rinhchan ngaimi a si. Amah nih arak chim tawnmi cu North Korea hi nuclear aser kho lai lo ti bantuk in ruahding a si lo ti, a si. Nain, cu tin a chimmi cu an rak zum lem lo. 2006 in 2017 tiang ah North Korea nih nuclear hriam voi 6 a hung san (test), Cu lak ahcun, U.S a phan kho ding Hwasong-14, Hwasong – 15 ti bantuk hriam zong a hun test tikah North Korea nih zei a ser kho lai lo timi cu palh a si ti a hung lang. Hecter nih a chimmi ning ahcun North Korea nih hin Clinton U.S nih President a tuan chan ah nuclear bom pakhat hmanh an rak ngei rih lo nain, Bush chan ah nuclear hriam 4-6 karlak, Obama chan ah 25 hrawng, Trump chan (voikhatnak) chan ah 45 a ngei a ti. Cucaah, amah bia in char in nuclear thiamsang hna nih North Korea nih nuclear bom lung 65 in a cunglei a ngei diam lai ti an ruah damh.

North Korea nih Nuclear hi Zeicadah Aser?

North Korea hruaitu han nih hin Actor Network Theory (ANT) timi khuaruahnak kha an i seh chih. ANT cu a foinak in minung a si lomi ‘thil’ zong hi ram sernak le zatlang nun sernak ca ah abiapimi an si kho ti a si. Tahchunhnak, tthit um thuam (wedding dress) aa hrukmi le hruk lomi cu an power aa dang tbk kha a si. Cu ruang ah ram sernak ah thil biapi ngeihnak hi himnak siloah tthawnnak a kan pek lai ti kha North Korea hruaitu upa hna nih an zumh caah, nuclear ser hi an thawk ti, a si. Zei ruang ah North Korea nih nuclear hi a ser timi kong ruahnak aa dangmi tete an um. Acheu nih ram cheukhat he nang le kei ti in ramkhel i cilh khawhnak thazaang “bargaining power” ngeih a duh ca ah a si, an ti. Bargaining power timi cu Myanmar ram EAOs pawl nih ralkap kan thawn ahcun Kawl ralhrang nih a kan tthih lai i, bia a kan ruah lai ti bantuk khuaruahnak kha a si. Fiang deuh in chim ahcun AA hruaitu Tun Myat Naing nih kan tthawn ahcun Kawl ralbawi nih sanpuih a kan pek lai tiah a timi phun kha a si.

Sihmansehlaw, a cheukhat nih cun, North Korea nih nuclear a sermi cu bargaining power duh ruang ah silo in, an cozah nun khawhnak (regime survive) ca ah a si, an ti ve. North Korea ram pumpi khuaruahnak state ideology hi ‘Juche’ a si. Juche cu a foinak in phunthum in “ram cu amah te in a dirmi a si lai, cu ti a dir khawhnak hnga ca ah ramkhel lei luatnak, ralkap le sipuazi thawnak a um lai. Cun, hruaitu hi an biapi i, an nawl kan ngai lai timi” ruahnak a si. Jung H. Pak an timi U.S nu, Biden chan ah North Korea kong ah U.S Special Representative a simi nih a rak timi cu Saddam Hussein le Gaddafi hna nih nuclear ser a sungh an pek ruang ah an tonmi dirhmun nih khin North Korea hruaitu nih an cozah a nun khawh nakhnga ca ah nuclear ngeih hi aherh tiah an ruah e, a ti. Cu ruang ah, Pak nih cun North Korea nih nuclear hi zeitik hmanh ah a sung a pe lai lo, arak ti.

U.S nih North Korea Pehtlaihnak

North Korea hi chanthar U.S President nih direct in pehtlaih lo in sipuazi phihnak, mawhchiatnak ti bantuk deuh an tuah tawn. Victor Cha an timi Republican zong a si i, Bush chan i, Asia kong he pehtlai in Director a simi pa nih arak chimmi cu, North Korea cu amah ril in a ril te lai. Arab Spring ah a cangmi bantuk in North Korea ramchung ah harhnak, ramkhel lei ruahnak idannak a um lai i, North Kora cu aa cheu te lai tiah arak ti. North Korea ram mi kumkhat phaisa lut hi, 1990 ah $ 1,146 arak si nain, 1998 ah $ 573 bak ah arak tla. Sinain, cu tin a si ko bu zong ah North Korea uknak cu arawk lo ca ah Victor Cha nih cun North Korea cu “impossible state” a ti i cauk in North Korea kong cu arak chuah. Anih nih “impossible state” a ti duhmi cu ram pakhat dirhmun ah a dir kho lo ding, a hmun kho lo ding a si nain, a dir kho ca ah a si kho lomi ram ti kha a chim duhmi a si. Victor Cha kong ka langhter duhnak cu amah hi U.S nih North Korea kong ah Hecker le Jung H. Pak bantuk in an rak ibochan ve mi a si ca ah amah idea kha U.S nih policy a ser tikah tampi an irinh chan ca ah a si.

Trump nih voikhat ah U.S President a tlin tikah North Korea kong he pehtlai in U.S cawlcanghning a hun thlen ngaingai. Hecker le Serbin nih an chimmi cu Trump le Kim Jong un hi kum 2017 dongh lei in 2019 tiang hrawng ca “personal letter” an rak i kua tawn an ti. Hi bantuk pehtlaihnak a hung tthan ruang ah ahnu ahcun Singapore le Vietnam ti bantuk ram hna ah Kim le Trump cu tonnak an rak ngei kho. Sihmansehlaw, cu ti tonnak ah an rak itimhmi daihnak ser cu ataktak hlawh arak tling lo. Hi ti hlawh a tlin lonak hi atlangpi in pahnih in a lang. Trump ruahnak pe tu kar ah ruahnak pahnih in arak um ti, a si. John Bolton timi Trump cozah i National Security Advisor nih cun Kim he hnatlaknak tuahmi cu atak ah a phi a chuak lo phun; Libya style denuclearization a si lai, arak ti. Nain, adang Trump mi zumh Stephen Biegun nih cun dot khat hnu dokhat phun in hnatlaknak tuah i, minthut ding a si tiah ruahnak arak pek ve. Kim le Trump an rak ton lio hrimhrim ah anmah pahnih hi an um ve ti a si. Sihmansehlaw, Bolton ruahnak cu Trump nih arak zulh deuh ca ah Hanoi ah Kim le Trump an i ton tawn lio ah Trump nih Kim cu remdaihnak tuahding ah naa ready rih lo tiah a ti i, biaruahnak cu a chuah tak. Bolton a ruahnak cu North Korea nih hin nuclear hrawh aa tim lo, a miak a kan timh ti, arak si. Hecker te pawl nih cun hi kong ahhin U.S cozah hi an mawhchiat pah, diplomacy cu hlawh tlinhak reward ca ah tuahding a si lo, nuclear hrawh khawhnak lam lei tu in ral kalpi deuh ding a si, an ti. North Korea ram ah U.K ambassador a tuanmi Everard nih cun U.S cozah hi North Korea pehtlaihnak ningcang aa thlengmi (santion tuah chel, biaruah chel) nih hin North Korea zia phundang in a um ter e, tiah a ti.

 

Biadonghnak

Atlangpi in a cung cah ka langhtermi ah hmuh khawh a simi pakhatnak U.S mithiam sang hna le hruaitu hna nih North Korea hi a nung kho lo ding le arawk ding ram ti phun in an rak hmuh. Pahnihnak ah, nuclear a ser kho lai lo. A ser hmanh ah bargaining power a duh ruang ah asi lai tiah an rak ruat. Cu ti an ruah karah North Korea nih nuclear cu lu tampi arak ser i, nihin ahcun lu 65 leng paoh a ngei cang ti a si. Cun, adonghnak cu North Korea hruaitu le North Korea cozah an iton tikah U.S cozah nih amiak an chuah kho lomi hi a si. Amiak chuah khawh lo timi cu nuclear hrawhnak lei a panh khomi lam an rak ser kho lo tinak kha a si.

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South Korea Ramkhel Nih A Tonmi Harnak

South Korea cu 1987 in democracy lam lei a panh i, 2023 in democracy a sinak kum 36 a si cang. Kum 36 an si cang nain harnak khat lak an tong, a fek cangmi democracy ram hna ah democracy cawnnak an tuah. An ram a lu le a taw an mersuan. Har ngai in kum 36 an kal chung ah President a ṭuan balmi hna lak Park Quen Hye, Lee Myung Bak, Roh Myo Hun ti bantuk hna hi thongthlak an tong bal. An society ah i khah lonak a karh phaisa ngei nih an ngei chin lio ah, sifak nih an si a fak chin. Cucucah, Cozah thar an kai fatin social issue a simi inn man le inn hlan man, nihlawh kaih le kaih lo ti bantuk kha biapi ah an ruat. Cun, kum saupi South Korea nih top agenda ah a ruah zungzalmi cu North Korea he pehtlaihnak kong hi a si. Hi 1987 hnu South Korea ram kong he pehtlai in South Korea political scientist pawl nih an an ṭialmi capar, thesis pawl ka relmi cu atanglei bantuk in ka rung langhter.

 

President rian ngolter ding timi a duh lomi hna sandah piah lio

Professor Suh Byung Hoon (Songsil University). “ Toward A Balanced Democracy in Korea”

   Korea society ah amak ngaimi pakhat cu phaisa tumtlang kum saupi i khon hnu ah thilri ṭhaṭha i cawk hmanmi hi a si. Zei ruang ah ṭhanchonak ah silo in thilri cawknak ah khonmi phaisa an hman hnga ti hi khuaruahhar a si ko. Sifak le mirum ikhah lonak hi, hi bantuk ziaza nih a chuahpi. Korea ram ah democracy a ṭhan a nuarhnak cu Korean mipi nih democracy ah a biapimi mipi thazaang kha ahlei hluat in an zumh ca ah a si. A bik in Korea society hi zoh tikah pumpak zalonnak (individual freedom) nakin buu/ sang ca ah a biatak deuh. T.c, Korea society ahcun Kei – Kan tiah sullam a ngeimi “I/My- Na/Jaw” nakin “Our- Uri” kha an hman deuh; Uri Nara- 우리 나아/ 우리 동내. Hi bantuk ruang ah Liberalism a ṭha a der i, pumpak freedom kha a zor. Cucaah, Korea ram ah pumpak nih democracy an tehning hi a thawtnak a tling lo. Hi bantuk pawl phisin khawhnak ding ahcun democratic participation le political expertise ah lu hlinh in rian ṭuan deuh ahau. Lungsau te in cu lam in kal ahcun democracy thawtnak tling Korea ram ah a chuak te ko lai.

Professor Kim Sung-ho (Yonsei University). “The Constitutional Soul of Korea’s Democracy”

   Democracy cu Constitutionalism (phung zulh) a si tiah tiah a ruat i, 1997 ah President a rak i cuhmi Lee Hoi Chang timi pa arak um. Amah le amah cu “Mr. Rules of Law” arak i ti nain Roh Moo-hyun nih arak tei. Roh Moo Hyun chan cu constitutional court nih cozah policies tuahnak ah a uk hna tikah thim lomi Court nawl in ram an rak i hruai deuh. Cucaah, Constitutionalism is not democracy” a si ṭhan. Hi ruang ah mipi nih Constitution Court rian ṭuanning an rak au hnawh. Hitin a cannak cu Roh Moo Hyun president performance chiat ruang ah a si. Ahnu ah RMH cu 2014 March 12 ah hluttaw nih impeachment an tuah i, MP 271 chung ah 193 nih caan karlak rian dinhterding hnatlaknak an tuah.

   Cucaah, RMH nih cun amah a supporter hna sinah “citizen revolution” thawhding a forh hna. Kum tlawmpal a liam tikah Hluttaw thimnak an tuah i, RMH te parṭi nih teinak an hmuh. Cu hnu cun, cozah le hluttaw karah rianṭuan khawh deuh a hung si. RMH aa dinh hnu ah biachuah vai cu biaceihzung nih RMH a sualnak an thuhpiak ti bantuk tiang in a si. Cucaah, Korea ramkhel zoh tikah hluttaw, cozah, biaceihzung hna parti pakhat nih or President nih tlaih khawh kha rian lanhpinak ding ca ah rak biapi tukmi a si tiah alang. Cucaah, RMH chan i cawn awk cu democracy i, balancing le constitutional aa pehtlaihnak kha a si. Model : Roh Supporter => Hluttaw/Cozah/ Biaceihzung power tlaih => Rian ṭuan khawh

Professor Kim Min- jeoung (University of Seoul). Women’s Participation in Politics

   Korea nu pawl cu thlang lamh deuhmi nunphung ruang ah sianginn ca cawnnak, rian ṭuannak le ramkhel ti bantuk ah i telning pa he tahchunh ahcun a rak tlawm hringhran. 1970 hnu in cun sianghleiruun ah nu pawl kaining rate a karh, 1990 ah 53% in 2007 ahcun 61% a karh. Politics ah nu pawl nih tel arak harnak cu cozah nih an rak sermi structure pawl ruang ah a si; pa cu khua an ruat kho deuh, ral tuk an ṭhawng deuh. Nu hi zatlang ah thlanglamh deuh an si ca ah party candidate or President candidate an rak tling kho lo. 1970 ah thim ningcang aa thlen ruang ah nu hna cu thimnak ah an lut hna. Kum 2000 a hun lonh tikah Korean Leaguge for Women an the Union of Women ti bantuk tiang in nu hna cawlcanghnak cu hmunhma a hung la. 2013 ah Park Quen Hye cu President a tling, nu tuanbia a ṭial. 2022 President thimnak ah nu candidate an i tel. Hi bantuk sining ruang ah nu hna i, ramkhel tel tumnak cu hlan lio zatlang nunphung ruang ah thlanglamh rak si hman hna sehlaw democracy an si deuhdeuh percentage in an kai deuhdeuh timi kha hmuh khawh a si.

Professor Kim Min- jeoung (University of Seoul). Women’s Participation in Politics

   Korea nu pawl cu thlang lamh deuhmi nunphung ruang ah sianginn ca cawnnak, rian ṭuannak le ramkhel ti bantuk ah i telning pa he tahchunh ahcun a rak tlawm hringhran. 1970 hnu in cun sianghleiruun ah nu pawl kaining rate a karh, 1990 ah 53% in 2007 ahcun 61% a karh. Politics ah nu pawl nih tel arak harnak cu cozah nih an rak sermi structure pawl ruang ah a si; pa cu khua an ruat kho deuh, ral tuk an ṭhawng deuh. Nu hi zatlang ah thlanglamh deuh an si ca ah party candidate or President candidate an rak tling kho lo. 1970 ah thim ningcang aa thlen ruang ah nu hna cu thimnak ah an lut hna. Kum 2000 a hun lonh tikah Korean Leaguge for Women an the Union of Women ti bantuk tiang in nu hna cawlcanghnak cu hmunhma a hung la. 2013 ah Park Quen Hye cu President a tling, nu tuanbia a ṭial. 2022 President thimnak ah nu candidate an i tel. Hi bantuk sining ruang ah nu hna i, ramkhel tel tumnak cu hlan lio zatlang nunphung ruang ah thlanglamh rak si hman hna sehlaw democracy an si deuhdeuh percentage in an kai deuhdeuh timi kha hmuh khawh a si.

Professor Jin Young Jea (Yonsei University). The Strengths and the weakness of government system in Korea

   1987 Constitution nih democracy suttung tung (3) lakah Legislature branch hi power tam tuk arak pek hna. Tax, budget, public kong aa pehtlaimi investigate tuahnak nawl, cozah zung investigate tuahnak nawl, President siloah cozah official hna kha rian phawt siloah impeachment tuah khawhnak power tiang arak ngei. Executive branch nih cun policy making, leadership, bureaucracy cawlcanghnak, ti bantuk lei kha ṭuanvo a lak ve. President nih Prime Minister le Minister pawl khanhnak nawl a ngeih bantuk in dinhternak nawl zong a ngei. President Kim Yong Sam (1993- 98) chan ahcun Prime Minister hi thla 10 ah pakhat in an thlen hna.

   Biaceihzung (Judicial branch) bawi cu President nih a thim i, hluttaw nih cohlanpiak a si ve. Nain, Judicial branch an nawl ngeihnak cu democracy a fekmi ram he tahchunh ahcun a niam ngaingai. Cucaah, a biapi in cun cozah le hluttaw hi an i suu tawn. President hi kum (5) in term khat ca lawng thim a si lio ah MP cu kum (4) ca term limit lo in thim khawh a si. Election period aa khat lo tikah cozah le hluttaw karah buainak tete a um tawn. A bik in President parṭi nih hluttaw ah teinak an hmuh lo tikah President nih a duhmi policy agenda an nunter kho ti lo. Cu bantuk in hluttaw ah ruling party kha President parti he an i dan ahcun agenda nunter ahar ve. Cu bantuk dirhmun an phak ahcun “Party Government Consulative Meeting”an tuah i, hluttaw le cozah kha an peh tonh hna.

Professor Seo Hyun Jin (Sungsin Women’s University). Controversy Over President Term

   President cu 1987 phunghram ning in term khat kum 5 lawng ṭuanding ti, a si. Sihmansehlaw, a cheukhat President nih cun U.S bantuk in term hnih peh hi a ṭha ko tiah an rak ruah ca ah phunghram remhding arak i timmi an rak um. Cu lakah, Roh Moo Hyun nih term khat kum (4) in term hnih peh khawhding agenda a rak chuahmi nain Korea mipi le Korea politician nih an ruah cio tikah an rak cohlang lo. Cucu agenda cu hluttaw nih postpone an rak tuahpiak, President nih ahnu ah a agenda a hrawh ṭhan. Term sauh an duh lonakbik a ruang cu hramhram uknak authoritarian kut tang kan phan sual lai timi ruang ah a si. Korea ram ahhin 1948 in President cu term khat kum 4 in term hnih peh khawhding an rak ti. Sihmansehlaw, President Rhee Syng Man nih term limit mi phung a remh i, term 4 tiang a rak peh. Cu ruang ah ram buainak a rak chuak i, Park Chung Hee nih 1961 May 16 ah ralkap thazaang hmang in uknak a lak. Park Chung Hee uknak lak hnu 1962 thawk in President term cu kum 4 voikhat term khat in unlimited a si i, amah cu term 4 tiang arak peh ve. 1979 October 26 ah an thah ca ah amah achangtu ralbawi Chun Doo Hwan chan ahcun President tuan caan cu kum (7) a hung si. Sihmansehlaw, 1987 ah aa thlengmi ramkhel ruang ah phunghram thar a chuak. Cu 1987 phunghram in cun president cu term khat kum 5 lawng ṭuan khawh a hung si. Kum (5) term khat a ṭuan cangmi President hna cu; Roh Tae Woo, Kim Yong Sam, Kim Dae jung, Roh Moo Myun, Lee Myung Bak, Park Quen Hey, Moon Jae in le Yoon Seok-yeol (tulio) hna hi an si.

Professor Lim Seong-ho (Kyung Hee University). Creating Balanced President – Assembly Relations

   Korea ram ah hluttaw pakhat a um i, National Assembly (NS) tiah an auh. President umnak cu Korea holh in 청 와대 an ti, Mirang holh in Blue House (BH) ti a si. 1979 hlan ahcun NS hi President nih tam tuk a rak control, MP appoint khawhnak power tiang in arak ngei. Opposite party cu an rak um ve ko nain power limit arak si. President le cozah chiatnak chim ahcun thongthlak khawh a si fawn. Authoritarian chan an si ca ah a si. Park Chung Hee a thih tikah Chun Doo Hwan nih Park Chung Hee model cu tam tuk arak follow nain public voice arak tam tuk ruang ah NS cu hlan bantuk in phung sernak ah an hmang kho ti lo. Cu hnu 1987 ah democracy ram an hung si ca ah ram pumpi phunghram thar an hung ngei. President ah ralbawi hlun Roh Tae Woo a hung si. 

   1987 phunghram ning in President le National Assembly power cu a cheu veve in ṭhen a si; Judicial branch cu phungning in rian an ṭuan deuh. RTW chan ah President le NS kar ah power conflict arak um ngai. Ralkap dohtu hna lei in Kim Yong Sam le Kim Dea-jung nih President an tlin tikah NS he pehtlainak a hung har chin. Nain, hi hna president pahnih cu charisma leader an timi an si hna ca ah public in mipi respect an rak hmuhning a lianngan ngaingai. Cu dih cun Roh Moo Hyun nih president a hun ṭuan tik ahcun NS le President karlak pehtlaihnak cu a chiakha chinchin. President party nih NS ah teinak an hmuh lo ca ah le President party kar ah lungrualnak a rak um lo ca ah a si. RMH cu impeach tiang an rak tuah i, caan tlawmpal power an lakpiak. Cu hnu ah NS election a um i, President RMH party nih an tei. Cu hnu ceo ah President le Blue house pehtlaihnak a ṭhangcho.

 

Professor Park Chan-wook (Seoul National University). Changing Patterns of Lawmaking in Korea

   1987 hnu i, National Assembly (NS) rian cu phunghram hman, phung thar ser le phung ṭha hlonh kha a tlangpi in a si. N.S ahhin phung serding biatung dirh duh tikah, MP nih agenda a ngeih ahcun hnatlakpi tu MP pa 10 + a ngei ahau. 2003 hlan ahcun MP 20 hnatlakpinak sign arak herh. NS nih phung an serning cu MP 10+ minthutnak in biatung cohlan (bill Introduction or bill member), Biatung kong ah purpose fianṭliang te in chim, phung serding or biatung he pehtlai in committee (bill committee) ser i, committee nih chuahpi mi cu general debate tuah. Cu dih cun a thlak ahcun N.A hall ah tuahmi meeting ah hnatlaknak lak a si. Hnatlaknak ngah lo sual ahcun MP 30 leng nih ni 7 chung ah hluttaw speaker sinah kherhhlai deuh ding nawl khawh ṭhan a si ve. N.A nih hnathlakmi cu Executive branch (President) sinah phung nunter ding lanhpi a si. President nih ni 15 chung ah hnatlak ahcun a nung. Sihmansehlaw, khuachel ahcun N.S chung ah MP cheuthum chung ah cheuhnih an pass mi bill a si ahcun phung ah Constitution ning in President nawl lo in a nung ve (limited).

Professor Yoo Seung-ik (Ajou University). Long road to representation in the Assembly

* 1948 in 2008 karlak

   Kum 60 (1948 -2008) karlak ah hluttaw National Assembly thimnak cu voi 17 tuah a si. N.S ah MP an tlawmbik caan cu 6^th Assembly ah MP 182 in arak si i, an tambik caan cu 14^th Asembly ah MP 342 an si. 1948 in 2008 tiang ah MP a ṭuanmi 4,415/ 4398 an si, democracy hmuh hnu 1987 in cun 1,594 an si. Nihin NS cu MP 300 an um. MP milu i, 80% cu direct in voting (First past the post (FPTP)) in an thim hna i, atangmi 20 % cu proportional representation (nationwide in an zoh) in an thim. MP hna i average kum cu 54 a si, kum hngakchiabik cu 5^th Assembly in kum 26 MP arak si (Nihin MP lakah a ngakchia bik cu Ryu Ho-jeong a si i, kum 27 a si, PR in an thim). Kum 60 chung ah nu MP 142 an chuak, nu hna MP sinak cu democracy si hnu ah tam tuk te a karhmi alang. MP hna chuahnak (birth place) peng le tlang in zoh tikah Yeongnam peng in MP tampi an chuak i, 1,436 an si. Cu dih cun, Honam peng (914), Chungcheong (666) ti in an si. University in zoh tikah Seoul National University in a dihmi in 1,040 (27.2%), Korea University 357 (9.3%) cu atam bik an si. Cu dih cun Military Academy sianginn le Yonsei University nih an zulh hna. Law major a lami nih MP an ṭuanbik. Cu hnu cun political science le diplomacy a cawngmi nih pahnihnak in a zulh. MP 1,670 cu ramdang ah sianginn a rak kai balmi an si. Cu hna lakah Japan sianginn kaimi (47%), US (40%) le China (5.6 %) an si. Kum 60 chung ah alangmi cu ramdang sianginn kai hna nih MP an ṭuanning rate hi a ṭumchuk. Cozah rian a ṭuan balmi hi 45% in MP an tling bik. MP term tam bik a ṭuanmi cu Kim Yong-sam, Park Joon-kyu le Kim Jong-pil an si i, voi (9) an ṭuan.

Professor Yong Jong-bin (Myongji University) Causes and Consequences of deadlock in the National Assembly

Korea hluttaw National Assembly cu mipi nih an mawhciat khun hleinak pahnih a um. Phung aherhmi an ser lonak le phung sermi a tlawm ruang ah a si, an ti (Consequences). Hi ti a caannak (Causes) cu pakhatnak ah political party le legislative body kar i, thil a ummi ruang ah ah a si. A bikin political party pawl nih an party in MP a tling mi kha an strick tuk hna. Phundang in political party nih hluttaw biachahnak kah a thurhnawmh ti a si. Pahninhnak cu professionalization an si lo, an ti. Hi ruang ah National Assembly hi mipi pawl nih an zum lo taktakmi body ah aa chuah. Korea society nh an zumh bikmi cu civil organization hi 40.3% in pakhatnak a si i, hluttaw cu 6.6% lawng a ngah (2005 survey data). Traditional leadership timi pengtlang tlanh model in new leadership model lei thlennak tete a um ruang ah Korea hluttaw i deadlocks cu a zor lei a panh lai i, phung an ser khawh deuh lai.

                                    ___ A Dih Cang___

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[1] Hi critical memo cu January 22, 2023 in February 3 karlak relmi tete an si

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