United Kingdom Ramkhel Hruainak le An Khuaruahnak

Salai Chan Bik Ceu

I. Biahmaiṭhi

Vawleicung ram ṭhawng ngaingai a simi United Kingdom (U.K) ram i, ramkhel umning kha a tlangpi in kan zoh lai. Ramkhel umning ti tikah party system le party ideology, i thimning, ramkhel tuanbia, siangpahrang ramkhel tel tumning ti bantuk kha chim duhmi a si. Hi bantuk hna kha U.K ram ah zeitin a um le zei bantuk in dah an kalning a si timi atanglei bantuk in kan hun langhter. Hi ca cu research si lo in study note a si ca ah chambaunak a tampi lai. Thil sining a dikthlir in fianh timi nakin thil um kalning a parpavuan in a langhtermi capar a si. U.K timi biafang aiawh ah Mirang timi biafang zong ka hun hman. Cucaah, carel tikah hi a cung i concept le writing style kha philh lo in relding kan sawm hna. Fianter ka duhmi bal cu United Kingdom (U.K) ti ahcun Britain ram vialte (England, Wales, Scotland le Northern Ireland) a si i, Great Britain ti ahcun England, Scotland le Wales le a pawngkam ti kulh hme lawng kha chim duhmi a si. Cun, England timi cu United Kingdom chung i ram pakhat kha a si. U.K cu a cung in atang lei ukphung a hmangmi unitary state a si. Fiang deun in chim ahcun unitary state ahcun pyinay (state)  kha nawl ngeihnak an ngei ve ko nain a biapi ngaingaimi cu a cunglei in arak ra timi sullam a si. Fiang deuh in chim ahcun chanthar Myanmar ram i phunghram, 1947 ah Chan Htun nih arak sermi phunghram phun kha a si.

The United Kingdom Serning

II. Ramkhel Khuaruahnak

U.K le Liberal Democracy

Nihin vawlei pumpi nih an hmanmi Liberal Democracy phun hi Mirang (U.K) ram in a rak thok tiah an ruah.  A cheu  chimnak ahcun English political philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) hi Liberal Democracy father a si, an ti. Nihin ahcun cu phun cu vawleicung ram i cheuthum cheukhat nih hman a hung si. Hi, liberal democracy phun nih cun democracy sullam kha phun thum in a chim: Mipi nih thim i, thimmi cung ah ṭuanvo a lami cozah, don khantu um lo in zalong te in mipi biaphuan khawhnak le thimnak ah mi tam deuh duhning in thim phun kha a si, a ti. Hi ruahnak nih democracy qualification tiah a timi pathum in a langhtermi cu: cozah nawlngeihnak cu rikhiah a si, zatlang nun ah i dannak le i khah lonak kong he pehtlai in zalonnak a um (mipi zalennak kha chim duhmi a si), le cozah nih tlukruannak kha aa hmaithlak tiah a ruah. Cun, Liberal Democracy i aa sersiamning cu a foinak in phun li ah an langhter. Cu hna cu, (1) Aiawhtu thimnak (free and fair election), (2) Cozah/Executive (Thimmi bawi le, thiamnak in rank sang  ngei nih biachah), (3) Social le Economic Balance (Church, Ogranization, Company tbk ah balance a umding), le Political Check and Balance tin a si tiah, Finer timi political scientist nih a ṭial.

Mirang nih uknak lei ah Middle Age lio Modieval khuaruahnak cu fak ngai in an rak i tlaih. Aruang cu Mirang cu Rome pennak a cheunak in arak chuakmi a si ca ah a si, an ti. Acheukhat political scientist nih cun Mirang cu Rome phung tam tuk a hman ti, a si.  Medieval lio ram hruaining phung cu Singpahrang kha a ṭlingbik i, amah duhnak kha biapi ah ruat in phung le phai ser, i uk kha a si. Phundang in chim ahcun Mediaval lio khuaruahnak i a biapimi tawhfung cu siangpahrang siloah siangpahrang nu sinah ram power a um timi khuaruahnak a si. Cucaah, U.K i hruainak cu a foinak siangpahrang uknak a si, an ti. Tling deuh in chim ahcun constitutional monarchy a si. Constitutional Monarchy timi cu siangpahrang uknak a si ko nain, siangpahrang or siangpahrang nu cu nawlngeihnak zei mawt zat rikiah ‘limit’ mi phun kha a si.

Chanthar Mirang nih Cozah Hmuhning

Mirang rammi hi U.S, Germany, Italy le Mexico he an i dan deuhnak cu an cozah or hruaitu an zumh ngai ti, a si. Chim duhmi cu ramdang nakin an cozah khi an support deuh timi sullam a si. Rammi tampi nih cozah rianṭuantu nih ṭha tein an kan zoh khenh ti bantuk kha an chim lengmang. Cun, amak ngaimi cu Mirang ram cu political ideology (Marxism maw, socialism maw tbk) hram bunh nakin party nih zei bantuk program dah an i hmaithlak ti hi an zoh deuh e, ti a si. Nihin i, U.K ram ahcun cheu nga ah cheu li hi England an si i, adang Wales, Scotland le Ireland hi cheu nga cheukhat an si ve. Cucaah, U.K cu minung phunli khuasaknak ram ti khawh a si. Mirang ram hi industrialization ruang ah tam tuk te hawidang ram nakin an ṭhang deuh. Data nih a langhter ning ahcun 1964 hrawnghrang ahcun rammi nih inn le motor ngeihning hi industrilization ruang ah 20% in 40% bak a kai e, an ti.

 

III. Thimnak le Cozah Sernak

Thim Ningcang: Mirang ram ahcun House of Commons innpi ca ah kum (5) ah voikhat in thimhmun 650 ah MP pakhat cio in MP 650 thimnak an tuah. Cu thimnak teitu cu House of Commons ah MP an si kho. Hi MP 650 cu  England in 543, Scotland in 57, Wales in 32 le Northern Ireland in 18 tin an si. Cu thimnak ahcun kum 18 a lonhmi rammi nih thimfung thlak khawh a si. Amak  ngaimi bal cu kum 16 tlin in kum 2 hnu ah vote thlak duh ahcun cazin pek cia khawh a si. Thimmi biachahning cu the first and the post timi phun, vote tambik hmutu nih tei phun kha an hman.

Ramkhel party: Mirang ram ahcun atlangpi in ramkhel party a nganbik pathum an um: Conservative, Labour le Liberal tiah an auh hna. Conservative Party cu ram pumpi  kong siloah ram pumpi i fonh ding kha aa hmai thlak. Fiang deuh in chim ahcun ramchung tlukruannak nakin ram a ṭhat le a ṭhawnding aa hmaithlak. Unionist, strong in national defense, gun rights, defense Western culture tbk kha an uar khun. Hi Conservatice party nih hin tulio cu Mirang ram cu an hruai lio a si. Cun, Labour Party nih cun sang le veng, nu le pa, bawi le bawi lo karlak ah tlukruannak a um ding kha aa hmaithlak. Caan tampi ahcun thil ngeihning le zohkhenhning kha aa hmaithlak ti a si. Cun, Liberal party cu social reform, pumpak zalonak le siangpahrang nu siloah Church of England nawl ngeihnak zorter, ral umter lo ding, free trate ti bantuk kha aa hmaithlak ve.

U.K ahcun thim duhmi "x" pek in thim a si.

Parliament: Parliament cu House of Commons, House of Lord le Monarch tin ser a si. Phundang in Parliament ahcun inn pahnih a um i, thimmi House of Commons le thim lo rian pekmi House of Lords an um tinak sullam kha a si (Monarch cu siangpahrang or siangpahrang nu tinak a si). House of Common chungtel cu mipi nih kum 5 ca ah an aiawh ca ah an thimmi 650 members a si i, power a ṭhawngmi a si. House of Lord cu rian khinhmi (appointed – 809 members) an si nain, House of Commons tluk in power an ṭhawng lo. Parliament nih an ṭuanbik rian cu phunthum: cozah check and challenge, phung ser, a biapimi kong debate tuah kha a si. Fiang deuh in chim ahcun Parliament cu cozah rian ṭuanmi a dik le dik lo ngiat bantuk kha a si ko. Teitu party he aa pehtlai lomi cu phun hnih in an um. Pakhat cu oppositon party timi cozah sertu party ralkah in a ummi an si. Parliament chung an ṭhut tik zong ah cozah tlai party hmai ah thut a si, an ti. Cun, adang pakhat cu opposition party bawmtu zong si lo, cozah sertu party bawmtu zong an si lo. Annih pawl cu ‘crossbenchers’ tiah an awh hna.

Parliament meeting

Cozah Serning: Cozah cu parliament chung i vote tambik ngeimi nih an ser ko nain parliament he an rian cu aa dang deuh. Thimnak ah teinak a hmumi party leader cu ram pumpi cozah lutlai Prime Minister a si tawn. Parliament chung ah mi tam uak vote a hmumi party um lo ahcun hawikom sawm (coalition) i, cozah ser zong kha a um ve tawn. Chim duhmi cu U.K ram ahcun Prime Minister cu U.S ah mipi nih President an thim bantuk in thim si lo in parliament ah mipi nih thimmi MP hna nih an thim timi sullam a si. Cozah cu parliament ah accountable a ngei fawn. Mirang ram cozah cu zarhkhat ah a tlawmbik voikhat meeting an tuah e, ti a si.

IV. Siangpahrang Uknak le Phunghram Kong

The Monarch Power: Siangpahrang/Siangpahrang nu cu executive, judiciary, legislative ah head a si. Cun ralkap kong he pehtlai in commander in chief zong a si chih. Cu lengah, Church of England ah supreme governor a si rih. Sinain, Monarch nih hin direct in phung ser a si lo ti, a si. A sullam cu phungsernak ah a nawl a biapi i, phungsermi nunter khawhnak nawl ‘agree’ khawh timi sullam a si. Siangpahrang/siangpahrang nu sinakcu thi le sa in a kal, thim khawh a si lo. Chim duhmi cu theory in U.K cu siangpahrang uknak ram an si. Practice in cu uktu cozah cu siangpahrang lungtlinmi cozah an si tinak a si. Monarch or siangpahrang rian cu Prime Minister chimmi zoh in, hnatlak ahcun minthut le phung nunter kha a si ve.

The U.K Phunghram

U.K cu phunghram cu "unwritten phunghram" a si tiah acheu nih an ti. Acheu nih hi bia cu a dik dih lo, hlathlai tak ahcun an ṭialmi a um ko e, an ti. Cu pawl nih cun, "unwritten constitution le written constitution" pahnih a um ti, an ti. Unwritten law timi cu Lai holh in cun phung kha voikhat te in sersiam a si lo (uncodified) timi sullam a si. France caṭial thiam le political scientist De Tocqueville nih a chimmi cu; England cu constitution an ngei lo. British constitution cu character, statues, judicial decision, common law, usage or traditions, customs, convention, tbk phun in a kal, a ti. Cuaah, Written constitution a um ko tiah a timi pawl nih an chimmi constitution ahhin Bill of Rights 1689, Action of Union 1707 and 1800, Act of Settlement 1701, Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, Human Rights Acts 1998, Scotland Acts, Northern Ireland Acts le Government of Wales Acts 1998 tbk hi aa tel, an ti. Chim duhmi cu timh ciammam in ṭial i, mipi hnatlakmi chanthar style phunghram a um lo tikha chim duhmi a si.

 

                                           **** A dih Cang****

March 16, 2024
Niruk ni
Seoul, South Korea